Week 15 Anaphy Muscu

What are the main components of the musculoskeletal system?

Bones, muscles, joints, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

206 bones.

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

Support, assist in movement, protect organs, manufacture RBCs, and store calcium and phosphorus.

What are the three types of bone cells?

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

What is the role of osteocytes?

Mature bone cells responsible for maintaining the bone matrix.

What do osteoblasts do?

Responsible for bone formation.

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Responsible for bone resorption.

How does physical activity affect bone cell activity?

Weight-bearing exercises promote osteoblast activity and maintain bone health.

What are the three classifications of joints?

Fibrous, synovial, and cartilaginous.

What type of muscles are skeletal muscles?

Voluntary muscles attached to the skeletal system.

What are common symptoms of musculoskeletal dysfunction?

Pain, altered sensation, numbness, and tingling.

What assessment techniques are used for musculoskeletal functions?

Inspection and palpation to evaluate posture, gait, bone integrity, joint function, and muscle strength.

What are the 6 P's used to assess neurovascular status?

Pain, paralysis, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, and poikilothermia.

What defines a fracture?

A break or disruption in the continuity of a bone.

What are the two main classifications of fractures by extent?

Complete fracture and incomplete fracture.

What is a closed fracture?

A fracture that does not break the skin.

What is an open fracture?

A fracture where the skin or mucous membrane wound extends to the fractured bone.

What is a pathologic fracture?

A fracture occurring after minimal trauma to a bone weakened by disease.

What is a fatigue fracture?

A fracture resulting from excessive strain or stress on the bone.

What are common clinical manifestations of fractures?

Pain, loss of function, deformity, shortening, crepitus, swelling, and discoloration.

What are the 4 R's in fracture management?

Recognition, reduction, retention, and rehabilitation.

What is closed reduction?

Realigning fractured bones without breaking the skin, often using manual manipulation.

What is open reduction?

Realigning fractured bones by surgical intervention.

What is the purpose of retention in fracture management?

To maintain the position of the fracture using fixation, casts, traction, or splints.

What does rehabilitation involve after a fracture?

Restoring function and strength to the affected area post-fracture.

What does open reduction refer to in fracture treatment?

Surgery performed to realign bones or fragments.

What may be applied after an open reduction procedure?

Cast or traction.

What is used to stabilize fractured bones during healing?

An internal fixation device.

What is the purpose of an external fixation device?

To provide stabilization and allow more freedom of movement, commonly used in children.

What is the ILIZAROV external fixation device used for?

It is used for fractures, particularly when the skin over the fracture is damaged.

What forms at the fracture site within 48-72 hours after injury?

A hematoma, a localized swelling filled with blood.

What is the first stage of bone healing?

Formation of a hematoma and subsequent inflammatory process.

What is callus formation in the context of bone healing?

The surrounding of the fracture site by new vascular tissue due to cellular proliferation.

How long does it take for callus to transform into bone?

Within 3 weeks to 6 months.

What are the two categories of fracture healing complications?

Early complications and late complications.

What is hypovolemic shock in relation to fractures?

Shock resulting from hemorrhage, potentially occurring in fractures of extremities, thorax, pelvis, or spine.

What is fat embolism and who is most at risk?

A condition where fat globules enter the bloodstream, most frequent in young adults and the elderly with proximal femur fractures.

What are common pulmonary features of fat embolism syndrome?

Respiratory insufficiency, dyspnea, tachypnea, and fine inspiratory crackles.

What is compartment syndrome?

Increased pressure within one or more compartments leading to compromised circulation and tissue anoxia.

What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?

Notify a physician immediately, elevate the extremity, and possibly perform fasciotomy.

What is delayed union in fracture healing?

When healing does not occur at a normal rate for the location and type of fracture.

What is nonunion?

Failure of the ends of the fractured bone to unite.

What is malunion?

Healing of a fracture in an incorrect position.

What is avascular necrosis?

Occurs after a fracture with disruption of blood supply, particularly in femoral neck fractures.

What are the symptoms of avascular necrosis?

Pain, limited movement, and decreased sensation.

What treatments are available for avascular necrosis?

Bone grafts, prosthetic replacement, or arthrodesis (joint fusion).