B5-APW Final

tuff on my life

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucian ideas during the Song Dynasty mixed with Buddhist and Daoist beliefs; emphasized order, hierarchy, and filial piety.

Censorate

Chinese government agency that monitored officials and investigated corruption.

Hangzhou

Capital of the Southern Song Dynasty; major commercial and cultural center.

Foot binding

Chinese practice of tightly binding women’s feet to make them smaller; symbolized beauty and elite status.

Middle Kingdom

Chinese belief that China was the cultural center of the world.

Kowtow

Ritual bowing before the Chinese emperor as a sign of submission and respect.

Xiongnu

Nomadic group north of China that threatened early Chinese dynasties.

Sultanate of Delhi

Muslim state that ruled much of northern India from 1206–1526.

Sufis

Mystical branch of Islam focused on spiritual connection with God; helped spread Islam peacefully.

Kabir

Indian poet who blended Hindu and Muslim ideas and criticized religious divisions.

Sikhism

Religion founded by Guru Nanak in India combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Timbuktu

Major West African trade and Islamic learning center in Mali.

Mexica

People later known as the Aztecs.

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan that formed the Aztec Empire.

Tenochtitlan

Capital city of the Aztec Empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco.

Chinampas

Artificial floating farming islands used by the Aztecs.

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec sun and war god.

Quechua

Language of the Inca Empire.

Gender Parallelism

Inca idea that men and women had complementary but separate roles.

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol dynasty in China established by Kublai Khan.

Khubilai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan who founded the Yuan Dynasty.

Hulegu

Mongol leader who conquered Baghdad and founded the Ilkhanate.

Khutulun

Mongol princess known for wrestling and military skill.

Kipchak Khanate / Golden Horde

Mongol state that ruled Russia and surrounding areas.

Monsoon winds

Seasonal winds that made Indian Ocean trade predictable.

Swahili language

Language blending Bantu and Arabic from East African trade networks.

Great Zimbabwe

Powerful trading kingdom in southeastern Africa.

Jenne-Jeno

Important West African trading city.

Camel caravans

Groups of camels used for trans-Saharan trade.

Encomienda

Spanish labor system forcing Indigenous people to work for colonists.

Repartimiento

Later labor system requiring Indigenous communities to provide workers for Spanish projects.

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos

Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain; Creoles: Spaniards born in the Americas; Mestizos: Mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.

Tupac Amaru Revolt

Major Indigenous rebellion against Spanish rule in Peru (1780s).

Middle Passage

Forced voyage transporting enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.

Cowrie shells

Shells used as currency in Africa and Asia.

Kingdom of Dahomey

West African kingdom involved heavily in the slave trade.

Queen Nzinga

Central African ruler who resisted Portuguese expansion.

British East India Company

English trading company that gained political control in India.

Dutch East India Company

Dutch trading company dominating spice trade in Southeast Asia.

Potosi, Bolivia

Massive silver mining center in Spanish South America.

Gunpowder empires

Empires that used gunpowder weapons effectively: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman infantry soldiers recruited through devshirme.

Sati

Hindu practice where widows immolated themselves on husbands’ funeral pyres.

Jizya

Tax paid by non-Muslims under Islamic rule.

Devshirme

Ottoman system taking Christian boys to train as soldiers or administrators.

Soft gold

Nickname for furs traded from Siberia/Russia.

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China founded by the Manchus.

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

Agreement between Russia and Qing China defining borders and trade relations.

Declaration of Independence

1776 document announcing American independence from Britain.

Creoles

People of European descent born in Latin America.

Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos

Priests who led early Mexican independence movements.

Simon Bolivar

Leader who helped liberate much of South America from Spain.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document promoting liberty and equality.

Olympe de Gouges

French activist who demanded women’s rights during the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who became emperor and spread revolutionary ideals through conquest.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Haitian revolutionary leader who declared Haiti independent.

Independence debt

Debt France forced Haiti to pay after independence, damaging Haiti’s economy for generations.

Seneca Falls

1848 women’s rights convention in the U.S.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Major American women’s suffrage leader.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Organization fighting for women’s voting rights in the U.S.

Kartini

Indonesian advocate for women’s education and rights.

Huda Sharawi

Egyptian feminist and nationalist leader.

Steam Engine

Machine powered by steam that drove industrialization.

Second Industrial Revolution

Late 1800s industrial growth involving steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil.

Middle Class

Social class of professionals/business owners that expanded during industrialization.

Robert Owen

Utopian socialist who supported better factory conditions.

Karl Marx

Communist thinker who argued history is shaped by class struggle.

Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party

Marxist political party that later split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

Crimean War

Conflict involving Russia vs. Ottoman Empire and European powers; exposed Russian weakness.

caudillos

Military strongmen who dominated post-independence Latin American politics.

Mexican Revolution of 1910

Revolution against dictatorship leading to major social reforms.

King Leopold of Belgium

Belgian king who brutally exploited the Congo.

Taiping Uprising

Massive rebellion against Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and China over British opium trade.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing effort to modernize military and industry while preserving Chinese traditions.

Boxer Uprising

Anti-foreign rebellion in China.

Hundred Days of Reform

Short-lived Qing reform movement attempting modernization.

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist faction led by Lenin during the Russian Revolution.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks and first leader of the Soviet Union.

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist Party led by Sun Yat-sen and later Chiang Kai-shek.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party and Communist China.

Stalin and Mao

Communist leaders who used centralized control and mass campaigns.

Zhenotdel

Soviet women’s bureau promoting women’s rights after the Russian Revolution.

Collectivization

Stalin’s policy combining private farms into state-controlled farms.

Five-Year Plans

Soviet economic plans focused on rapid industrialization.

Great Leap Forward

Mao’s campaign to rapidly industrialize China through communes; caused famine.

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Mao’s movement to eliminate 'bourgeois' influences and reinforce communism.

Terror / Great Purges

Stalin’s campaigns of political repression and executions.

Rape of Nanjing

Mass killing and atrocities committed by Japanese troops in China (1937).

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities destroyed by U.S. atomic bombs in WWII.

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of women working industrial jobs during WWII.

Holocaust

Genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany.

United Nations

International organization created after WWII to promote peace and cooperation.

Indian National Congress

Major political party leading Indian independence movement.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence using nonviolent resistance.

Satyagraha

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Muslim League

Political organization advocating for Muslim interests in India.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Leader of the Muslim League and founder of Pakistan.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader who introduced market reforms after Mao.