Kaarten: Developmental biology | Quizlet

hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropine)

Hormoon bij dat vrijkomt bij zwangerschap mens

Xenopus laevis (levenscycli)

Kikker als model voor ontwikkeling

• 1 dag → embryo

• 4 dagen → kikkervis

Spermatozoids

motile male reproductive cells (gametes) in animals

Somites

blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo

Oocyte

An unfertilized egg cell

Neurilation

The process where the neural plate folds and closes to form the neural tube (the precursor to the brain and spinal cord)

Cemen gland

a sticky adhesive organ on the head of frog (Xenopus) tadpoles that lets them attach to surfaces after hatching

Animal pole

The darker, pigmented half of the egg where the nucleus sits and cell division is fastest.

Vegetal pole

Yolk-rich end of the egg, opposite the animal pole

Pronucleus

The haploid nucleus of a sperm or egg before they fuse at fertilization

Yolk platelets

Protein/lipid storage granules in the egg that provide nutrients for the developing embryo

Vitelline membrane

Thin layer surrounding the egg, just outside the plasma membrane

Morula

Solid ball of cells after several cleavage divisions

Blastocoel

Fluid-filled cavity inside the blastula

Marginal zone

ring of cells between animal and vegetal poles, key region for mesoderm induction

Blastopore

opening that forms during gastrulation, marking where cells move inward

Bottle cells

Cells at the blastopore lip that constrict apically, initiating the inward movement of gastrulation

Epiboly proces

The spreading and thinning of the animal cap cells to cover the entire embryo

Epiboly

Intercalation

Convergence-extension

Neural plate

Flat sheet of ectoderm that folds to form the neural tube

Notochord

Rod-shaped structure that defines the body axis and induces the neural plate above it

= dorsal mesoderm structure

= hydraulic rod

Brain frog

Forebrain: future eyes
Midbrain:
Hindbrain: ear visicle

Mouse life cycle

4-5 → blastocyst
5,5 → uterus
6 → gastrulation
20 → birth

Mammal egg

100 microns diameter (5-10)

zona pullucida = gel protection around egg

polar body

2 pronucleï → merge → devide → two cell

Polar body

A small cell produced during meiosis of the oocyte — it gets most of the cytoplasm discarded, allowing the egg to keep nearly all its yolk and cytoplasm.

Cleavage frog vs mousse

1) different planes (meridionally, equatorraly)
2) shortened cell cylce vs normal cell cycle (24h, 12h)
3) synchrone vs not synchrone (7- and 13-cell embyo stages)

dpc

= Days post coitum

Brachyury gene

Master transcription factor gene that marks and specifies mesoderm

transgenic

An organism with foreign DNA artificially inserted into its genome

oviduct

Tube that carries eggs from the ovary to the uterus

trophectoderm cells

Outer cells of the mammalian blastocyst that form the placenta

epiblast

Inner layer of the mammalian blastocyst that gives rise to the embryo proper

primitive endoderm

Layer lining the blastocyst cavity that gives rise to the yolk sac

Syncytium

Mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei, not divided into separate cells

Allantois

Membrane that handles waste and gas exchange in the embryo; contributes to the umbilical cord

Amnion

Fluid-filled membrane sac surrounding and protecting the embryo

Node

Mammalian equivalent of the blastopore lip; organizer region that directs gastrulation

Sclerotome

Ventral part of the somite that forms vertebrae and ribs

Coelom

Fluid-filled body cavity lined by mesoderm

Spemann organizer

responsible for what is called the primary embryonyc induction

posterior marginal zone

Region in the chick embryo equivalent to the Spemann organizer; initiates primitive streak formation.

Xeno-transplantation experiments

Transplanting tissue between different species to test its signaling/organizing properties

chimera

Organism containing cells from two or more genetically distinct individuals

axial mesoderm or chordamesoderm

forms the notochord

paraxial mesoderm

forms the somites

Intermediate mesoderm

forms the urogenital system

Lateral mesoderm

forms the body wall, the circulatory system and the extraembryonic mesoderm

Head mesenchyme

participate to the formation of the face

dermamyotome

Dorsal part of the somite giving rise to dermis and skeletal muscle

sclerotome

Ventral somite compartment that forms vertebrae and ribs

Sonic hedgehog

encodes for a secreted protein expressed by the notochord that gives the signal to form the sclerotome region