Microbio lab: exam 3

You see a round sac at the tip of a stalk, packed with many tiny spores. The sac looks like it could burst open.

sporangiospores

You see chains of small round spores forming at the end of long filaments. There is no enclosing sac.

conidiospores

You see an oval sac with about 8 spores inside. The sac is elongated, not perfectly round.

ascospores

You see a club-shaped structure with 4 spores attached to the outside, almost like they’re sitting on tiny pegs.

basidiospores

You see a large, thick-walled, dark sphere sitting between two fused filaments. It looks rough and heavy-duty.

zygospores

yeast

- unicellular

- dimorphic

- pseudohyphae

- budding

is candida albicans yeast or mold

yeast

mold

- hyphae

- septate

- aseptate

is mycelium yeast or mold

mold

hyphe/hyphae

long, threadlike filaments

septate

crosswalls with pores

aseptate

no crosswalls

what does dimorphic mean in terms of yeast

can switch between a single celled organism and a more filamentous form of organism, depending on conditions

asexual spores

- conidiospores

- sporangiospores

sexual spores

- ascospores

- basidiospores

- zygospores

conidiospores attachment

conidiophore- specialized stalk

sporangiospore attachement

- sporangium

- sporangiophore

sporangium

sac holding spores

sporangiophore

stalk holding sac

ascospore attachement

ascus/asci

basidiospores attachement

basidium

zygospore attachement

between two hyphae (no sac)

budding

new daughter cell forms as an outgrowth from a parent cell, resulting in genetically identical offspring

budding results in

genetically identical offspring

pseudo-hyphae

chains of fungal cells

cleaner

removes germs from surface, but does not kill them

aids in soil removal

cleaner

sanitizer

reduces number of bacteria

____ is safer and faster than disinfectants but doesn't kill as much bacteria

sanitizer

disinfectant

kills fungi, bacteria, and viruses

virucide

kills viruses

sterilant

eliminates all fungi, bacteria, viruses, and spores

antiseptics

- use on living tissue

- kill and inhibit microbes

isopropyl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide are

antiseptics

disinfectants: sanitizers and sterilant

- use on inanimate objects

- kill microbes

lysol and clorox are

disinfectants

modes of action of antimicrobial agents

- cell wall synthesis

- RNA elongation

- lipid biosynthesis

- folic acid metabolism

- cytoplasmic membrane structure and function

broad spectrum antibiotics

quicker, cheaper treatment right away but attacks at such a wide range of bacteria that it disrupts the body's microbiome

narrow spectrum antibiotics

less disruptive, less risk for other infections, more costly, requires prescription, time consuming to diagnose

what happens if you stop antibiotics early

high levels of highly resistant bacteria

highly resistant bacteria can also

spread to other hosts, causing more drug-resistant infections

zones of inhibition

clear circles around antibiotic disk where growth is inhibited

kirby-bauer method

standard for testing antibiotic sensitivity

when testing for antibiotic sensitivity, need to be consistent with

- depth of agar

- size/distribution of inoculum

- incubation period

- growth rate of bacteria

- concentration of antibiotic disc

why is UV radiation harmful to cells

mutates DNA by forming thymine dimers and prevents DNA from replicating

UV radiation forms ____ to mutate DNA

thymine dimers

what wavelength is the most harmful to DNA

shorter than 220 nm

DNA maximally absorbs UV light at

260 nm

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