Unit 4 Motivation and Emotion

Four Core Problems

1. Define the self

2. Relate self to society

3. Develop personal potential

4. Regulate the self

Self as an object

Defining the self

• Shows how self concept can energize and direct behavior

• Some aspects are ascribed but some are gained through choice

Relate self to society

• Identity energizes, directs, and sustains behavior

Self as agent (doer)

Develop personal potential

• Interests

• Creating purpose

• Discover and develop talents and skills and relationships

Regulate the self

• Reflection on capacities, goals, plans, monitoring, adjustments

Dasein

The experience of being “where are you now?”

Daseinsanalysis (Binswanger and heidigger)

Umwelt, Mitwelt, Eigenwelt, the trifecta of being

Umwelt

Around world, involves phylogeny or the physical world and the body

Mitwelt

With world, epistogyny or how you interact with the world

Eigenwelt

Own world, Ontogyny or inner world

Six dimensions of wellbeing

• Self acceptance

• Personal growth

• Positive interpersonal relations

• Autonomy

• Environmental mastery

• Purpose in life “existential”

Self-schema

Cognitive generalizations about the self that are domain specific and learned from past experiences.

Self-verification crisis

Suspending of judgement and seeking out of additional feedback

Self-concept certainty

An individual’s confidence that their self-schema is valid and true

Identity

One’s place or role in society and whether it connects well with one’s self-concept or how the self relates to society

Agency

Entails personal causation and action from within

Self-control

The capacity to suppress, restrain, and override an impulsive, short-term urge, desire, or temptation so to pursue a long-term goal

self concept

Cognitive structures in the self

self regulation

Involves the metacognitive monitoring of one’s goal-setting progress

Self perception theory

Individuals infer their own attitudes and emotions by observing their own behavior and the context which it occurs

Level 1 of ego defense mechanisms

Most dysfunctional

• Denial

• Distortion

• Delusional projection

• Regression

Level 2 of ego defense mechanisms

A little better

• Fantasy

• Projection

• Passive aggressiveness

• Acting out

• Idealization

• Hypochondriasis

Level 3 of ego defense mechanisms

• Displacement → Sublimation in level 4

• Dissociation/isolation

• Intellect/rationalization

• Repression

• Reaction formation

Level 4 of ego defense mechanisms

• Altruism

• Introjection/identification

• Sublimation

• Suppression

• Anticipation

• Humor

Four components of an emotion

• Feelings

• Bodily responses

• Sense of purpose

• Expressive behaviors

Feeling component of an emotion

Our subjective experience, phenomenological awareness, and cognitive interpretation of an emotion

Bodily response component of an emotion

Physiological arousal, change in hormonal activity, preparation for physical action in emotion

Sense of purpose component of emotion

Goal directed to motivational state, functional aspect to coping, and impulse to action of emotion

Expressive behaviors component of emotion

Social signals and communication, facial expression, voice tone in emotion

Biological causes of emotion

Some emotions are from evolution to help with survival (e.g disgust to help us from eating unsafe substances)

Richard Solomon

Hedonistic approach to emotion

• Pleasure

• Aversive

Jeffery Gray

Behavioral activation/inhibition systems

• BAS (joy)

• Fight/flight

• BIS (anxiety)

Stein and Trabasso

• Happiness (attainment)

• Sadness (loss)

• Anger (obstruction)

• Fear (uncertainty)

Vytal and Haman

Patterns of the brain approach of emotion

• Happiness

• Sadness

• Fear

• Anger

• Disgust

Silvan Tompkins

Neural firing approach to emotions

• Interest

• Fear

• Surprise

• Anger

• Distress

• Joy

Levenson

Solutions to survival problems approach to emotion

• Enjoyment

• Anger

• Disgust

• Fear

• Surprise

• Sadness

Dechenne du Boulogne

Analyzed the muscles involved in smiling, duchenne smile

Paul Eckman

Culture universal agreement emotion approach, 6 basics, some support for contempt and interest, study of micro-expressions

Jaak Panksepp

Subcortical pathways of emotions

• Seeking

• Fear

• Anger/rage

• Lust

• Care

• Sadness/grief

• Play

Izzard

Expressions in infants, 6 basics and interest

Robert Plutchik

Emotion-behavior syndrome, 8 primary emotions that can mix into secondary and vary in intensity

• Anger

• Disgust

• Sadness

• Surprise

• Fear (projection)

• Acceptance

• Joy

• Anticipation

Cannon bard theory of emotion

We behave because an emotion or feeling

James Lange theory of emotion

Emotions are a result of physiological reactions to events

Thought meter (Wundt)

A pendulum clock used to measure speed of attention and consciousness, to measure how quickly a person can shift their attention or thoughts

Contemporary

Emotions are adaptive

Differential emotions theory

Basic emotions serve unique motivational purposes

Facial feedback hypothesis

• 80 muscles in the face

• 36 used in expressions

• 8 used to make distinctions

Appraisal theory

Emotions are extracted from our subjective evaluations and interpretations of events. What’s at stake and our reflection

Stages of grief kubler ross

• Denial

• Anger

• Bargaining

• Depression (numbness)

• Acceptance

Misconceptions of the stages of grief

• Don’t occur in a particular order

• Stages are not directional or all experienced

Physiological indicators of an emotion

• Anger HR and ST go up

• Fear HR up ST down

• Sadness HR up ST goes along with HR

• Joy HR goes up

• Disgust HR and ST go down

Circumplex model of emotion

James Russel, 2d wheel with a X and Y axis with pleasantness and activation as the different axises

emotion vs mood

Emotions are in response to events, short lived and motivate specific behaviors. Mood arise from ill-defined sources, affect cognitive processes, and are long-term

Gottman’s 4 Horsemen

4 signs of end of relationship

1. Criticism

2. Contempt

3. Defense

4. Stonewalling

Basic emotions

• Sadness

• Joy

• Interest

Sadness

Most negative, destructive, aversive emotion, causes reflection, repair function and avoidance

Joy

Engaging in social activities, soothing function, urge to play and be creative, many variations

Interest

Most prevalent, redirected to an event, thought, or action. Novelty, curiosity, uncertainty

Self conscious emotions

• Shame

• Guilt

• Embarrassment

• Pride

• Triumph

Shame

Protection and restoration of self, lack of value, tend to isolate and withdrawal and happens over things one has no control over

Guilt

Focused on behaviors/action, undo negative consequences

Embarrassment

Appease audience, repair negative self-impression

Pride

Authentic and hubristic sides, opposite of shame

Triumph

Competitive victory

Cognitively complex emotions

• Envy

• Gratitude

• Regret vs. Disappointment

• Hope

• Schadenfreude

• Empathy

• Compassion

Envy

Benign (self improvement) or malicious (pulling-down)

Gratitude

Receiving something of value from another person

Regret

A belief someone could’ve behaved different and made a different choice

Disappointment

Comparing an received outcome to an imagined one that might’ve resulted from the same action or same choice

Schadenfreude

Enjoyment at someone’s expense, more aggressive and malicious than a prank

Freudenfreude

Celebration of someone else’s success

Empathy

Mimicry (mirror neurons), perspective (imagination), having something in common with another and knowing a feeling

Sympathy

Feeling but not being able to relate to someone’s situation

Compassion

Sympathy combined with psychological distress, desire to reduce one’s suffering, oxytocin

Kinstugi

Japanese process of repairing objects and highlighting the flaw

Piaget

Stages of development, assimilation vs accommodation to reduce cognitive dissonance

Assimilation

Change info to fit a thought

Accommodation

Change thought to fit information

Dali Lama

• Content vs consumerism

• Love vs hate

• Peace vs instability

Machiavellian

Social manipulation for personal gain

Exaptation

Using something for other than intended use

John Locke (Tabula Rasa)

The mind is a blank slate designed to acquire language, operations of the mind is not blank

Attribution error

Taking one attribute and generalizing because of it (halo and horn effect)