2nd Term: Dispersion and Matter

Vocabulary flashcards covering matter, types of dispersions (solutions, colloids, suspensions), and physical separation methods as discussed in the lecture.

Elements

Pure substance that does not decompose into a simpler substance and is represented by chemical symbols; the smallest unit is the Atom.

Compounds

Pure substance that is formed by the chemical union of two or more different elements; the smallest unit is the Molecule.

Homogeneous Mixtures

Single phase, uniform mixtures where sampling from any point yields a similar composition, such as Wine or Bronze.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Mixtures with two or more phases where components are not soluble with each other and can be distinguished, such as Salad or Oil and water.

Disperse System

System in which distributed particles of one material are inside a continuous phase of another material.

Solution

Homogeneous system composed of two phases: solute and solvent, where the particles range from $0.1-1.0\,nm$.

Solute

The substance in a solution that is in smaller proportion (dispersed phase).

Solvent

The substance in a solution that is in greater proportion (dispersing phase).

Colloid

Mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles is suspended throughout another substance; particle sizes range from $1.0-1000\,nm$.

Foam

A type of colloid where a Gas (dispersed particles) is distributed in a Liquid (dispersing phase).

Aerosol

A type of colloid where a Liquid (dispersed particles) is distributed in a Gas (dispersing phase).

Emulsion

A type of colloid where a Liquid (dispersed particles) is distributed in a Liquid (dispersing phase).

Sol

A type of colloid where a Solid (dispersed particles) is distributed in a Liquid (dispersing phase).

Tyndall effect

The scattering of light by particles in colloids and suspensions.

Suspension

Type of heterogeneous mixture with particles larger than $1000\,nm$ that settle if agitated.

Solubility

The ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in another (solvent).

Polarity

The separation of electric charge within a substance.

Solvation

The interaction of a solvent with dissolved molecules.

Brownian motion

Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting from their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid.

Decantation

Physical method of separation for heterogeneous mixtures, used for solid-liquid (insoluble solid) or liquid-liquid (immiscible liquids of different density).

Filtration

Physical method of separation based on the solubility of the phases, used with particles greater than $1000\,nm$ and requiring a porous membrane.

Evaporation

Separation of homogeneous mixtures of a solid dissolved in a liquid using heat to separate the solute from the solvent without necessarily reaching the boiling point.

Crystallization

Solids purification method where ions, atoms, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or solution establish bonds to form a crystalline part.

Centrifugation

Separation of solids from a liquid using centrifugal force, causing larger particles to migrate outward and sediment.

Magnetization

The process of separating dry solids that possess magnetic properties.

Sieving

A method to separate a mix of solids based on their particle size.

Sublimation

The conversion of a substance from a solid state directly to a gaseous state as particles obtain energy of movement.

Distillation

Separation of soluble liquids based on different boiling points through evaporation and condensation.