Unit 1 Biology Exam Review based on prac exam

Practice vocabulary flashcards based on Unit 1 Biology exam topics including cell organelles, transport, mitosis, and the digestive system.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains the genetic information of the organism.

Pituitary Gland

Known as the ‘Master Gland’ as it controls all other glands in the body.

Photosynthesis

A process in plant cells involving the intake of carbon dioxide and output of oxygen.

Prokaryotic organisms

Unicellular organisms that lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound organelles; believed to be the first life forms on Earth.

Pepsin

A digestive enzyme with an optimum pH of $1.5 - 2.0$ that works best in the stomach.

Amylase

A digestive enzyme that works on the biomolecule carbohydrate.

Ribosomes

The cellular site of the synthesis of proteins.

Golgi apparatus

Organelle responsible for the modification and packaging of protein molecules for export.

Plasma membrane

A cell structure that serves the function of detecting changes in the external environment.

Mitochondria

The site of cellular respiration to make energy ($ATP$) in all living cells.

Eukaryotic cell

A cell identified by the presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Facilitated diffusion

A form of passive cell transport that requires specific protein channels but does not use energy.

Exocytosis

The process responsible for the movement of large molecules out of cells using secretory vesicles.

Synthesis ($S$) stage

The stage during the cell cycle in eukaryotes when DNA replication occurs.

Interphase

The preparatory stages of the cell cycle ($G_1$, $S$, and $G_2$) where the nuclear membrane is intact and chromosomes are not yet condensed.

Mitosis Order

The sequence of substages consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase ($PMAT$).

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the equator and attach to spindle fibres.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart and sister chromatids move to each pole.

Melanoma

Skin cancer caused by uncontrolled cell division in an area of skin.

Stem cells

Specialised cells that are able to develop into many different types of cells.

Physical digestion

The mechanical breakdown of food by tearing and grinding, such as the action of teeth.

Chemical digestion

The breakdown of food in a chemical reaction involving enzymes.

Active transport

Transport of large molecules from low to high concentration (against the gradient) requiring energy ($ATP$).

Homeostasis

A 'set point' or narrow range that the body must be kept in for survival.

Negative feedback

A process that detects a change and initiates a response in the opposite direction to reverse the changes and return the body to homeostasis.

Small intestine

The organ that absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream from digested food.

Large intestine

The organ that absorbs water from the final stage of processed food before excretion.