Exam 3 Vocabulary Flashcards: Chapters 5, 6, 13, & 14

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards based on definitions from Chapters 5, 6, 13, and 14.

Stereotypes

Schemas that allow for easy and fast processing; associate traits and emotions with groups.

Prejudice

Positive/negative evaluation of a social group and its members.

Discrimination

Positive/negative behavior directed toward a group and its members.

Social Groups

People who share a common characteristic that is socially meaningful.

Social Categorization

Process of identifying people as members of a social group based on shared characteristics.

Self Categorization

Process of seeing oneself as a member of a social group.

Social Identity

Aspects of the self-concept that come from one’s group memberships.

Ingroup favoritism

Preference for ingroup members over outgroup members.

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency to see outgroup as more homogeneous and less diverse than ingroup.

Illusory correlation

Perceived association between two characteristics that are not actually related.

Just-world belief

Belief that the world is just, so people deserve what they get.

Stigmatized

Negatively evaluated by others.

Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming negative stereotypes.

Contact hypothesis

Certain types of direct contact between groups can reduce stereotyping or prejudice.

Subtypes

Narrower and more specific groups within a broad social group.

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that can only be attained if groups work together.

Moral exclusion

Viewing out-groups as subhuman and outside the moral domain.

Individual mobility

Strategy of individual escape from a stigmatized group.

Social creativity

Strategy emphasizing new dimensions of social comparison for a negatively regarded group.

Social change

Strategy of improving the societal situation of a stigmatized group.

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of goals between two or more parties.

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm someone else.

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression that serves mastery needs; to obtain something or control others.

Hostile Aggression

Aggression driven by anger; includes insults and threats.

Physical Aggression

Intentionally using physical force to harm someone.

Verbal Aggression

Intentionally harming someone using words or tone.

Relational Aggression

Intentionally harming someone socially.

General Aggression Model

Model where person and situation factors influence aggression-related cognition, emotions, and arousal.

Aggressive stimulus

Object associated with aggressive responses.

Frustration-aggression theory

Theory that negative feelings inevitably trigger aggression.

Realistic conflict theory

Theory that intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce resources.

Relative deprivation theory

Theory that feelings of discontent arise from believing others are better off.

Egoistic relative deprivation

Sense of doing less well than others.

Fraternal relative deprivation

Sense that one’s group is not doing as well as other groups.

Prosocial behavior

Behavior intended to help others.

Cooperation

Two or more people working together toward a common goal.

Norm of social responsibility

Belief that those able to care for themselves should assist those who cannot.

Bystander Effect

Presence of more bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person helping.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Others’ presence diminishes an individual’s perceived responsibility for helping.

Norm of family privacy

Norm against intervening in other families' issues.

Egoism

Behavior motivated by desire for personal rewards.

Altruism

Behavior intended to help without expectation of personal reward.

Negative-state relief model

Desire to reduce one's own distress leads to helping others.

Empathy-altruism model

Feelings of empathic concern motivate helping behavior.