States of Matter and Atomic Structure Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the basics of states of matter, atomic structure, and chemical bonding as described in the lecture transcript.

Solid Particle Arrangement

Particles are closely packed together in a regular, fixed arrangement.

Liquid Particle Arrangement

Particles are close together but in a random arrangement, allowing them to flow.

Gas Particle Arrangement

Particles are far apart and move randomly in all directions.

Melting

The change of state from a solid to a liquid.

Boiling

The change of state from a liquid to a gas occurring at a specific temperature throughout the liquid.

Evaporating

The change of state from a liquid to a gas that occurs at the surface of a liquid below its boiling point.

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid.

Freezing

The change of state from a liquid to a solid.

Pressure and Gas Volume Relationship

The relationship where increasing temperature or pressure affects the volume occupied by a gas.

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Atoms

The basic building blocks of matter that make up elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Elements

Substances made of only one type of atom.

Compounds

Substances made of two or more different elements chemically joined together.

Mixtures

Two or more substances physically combined but not chemically joined, which can be separated by physical means.

Proton

A subatomic particle located in the nucleus with a charge of $+1$ and a mass of $1$ unit.

Neutron

A subatomic particle located in the nucleus with a charge of $0$ and a mass of $1$ unit.

Electron

A subatomic particle located in shells outside the nucleus with a charge of $-1$ and a mass of $\frac{1}{1840}$ unit.

Electronic Configuration

The arrangement of electrons in successive shells around the nucleus of an atom.

Nucleon Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Ions

Charged particles formed when atoms either lose or gain electrons.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Relative Atomic Mass

The average mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element on a scale where the ${^{12}C}$ atom has a mass of exactly $12$ units.

Ionic Bonds

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions: cations and anions.

Cations

Positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons.

Dot and Cross Diagrams

Illustrations used to show the arrangement of electrons in the outer shell of atoms in ionic or covalent bonds.

Covalent Bonds

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of pairs of electrons between two atoms.

Simple Molecule Compounds

Molecules with a fixed number of atoms joined by strong covalent bonds, but held to other molecules by weak intermolecular forces.

Giant Covalent Structures

Large structures where many atoms are joined together by strong covalent bonds in a continuous network.