HL Holy grail - GH

I- neutrophil

Which cell is best able to destroy bacteria?

All of them

Whch cells are leukocytes

Basophil?

What is cell V?

II

Which cell is most clearly distinguishable as being from a horse ?

Marked, mactocytic, hypochromic anaemia

Describe the condition

Hookworm

Which is the most likely aetiologic cause of the anemia shown?

immune medited hypersensitivity

Myelophthisis by neoplasia

Babesiosis

Hookworm

Drug toxicity

Increased RDW

Which of the following biomarkers best indicates regeneration ?

Colurless plasma

Hypoproteinaemia

Increased red cell distribution width

Nucleated erythrocytes

Thrombocytosis

Haemorrhage

What is the cause of this anemia based on the erythrocytic indces and blood smear findings in this haemogram?

5

Whichof the microhaematocrit tubes best indicates chronic systemic inflammation?

2

Which of the microhaematorit tubes best indicates IgM and complement mediated haemolysis?

3

Which of the microhaematocrit tubes indicates heinz body anemia?

1

Which of the microhaematoctir tubes best indicates an elite, excited thoroughbred with dehydration ?

I - M5

Which photo is most rare in dogs and cats?

4

Which one of the microhaematocrit tubes indicates diabetes?

IV

Which photo indicates acute myelogenous leukaemia?

III

Which photo best indicates chronic lymphocytic leukaemia?

iii- erythroblastic leukaemia

Which photo best indicates a cat-specific leukaemia?

MCH

Which best indicates the amount of haemoglobin in an average RBC?

MCHC

MCH

CHr

RDW

MCV

II

Which is used for determination of fibrinogen concentration

I

Which is used to diagnose the cause of hypoproliferative anemia ?

II an IV

Which is used for the diagnosis of haemorrhagic anemia?

III- neubauer chamber- automated analysers not designed for Nucleated RBCs

Which is needed for CBCs of animals whose erythrocytes are nucleated?

III and IV (MCV= PCV/ RBC)

Which is used for determination of MCV?

FIA- mycoplasma haemofelis

What is the diagnosis of this blood smear from a cat?

Actinobacillus lignieresii

The illustrated bullock presented with discharging sinuses of the lymph nodes of the head. Which bacterial infection fits this clinical presentation the best?

Fasciola hepatica

The image presented is an immunofluorescent stained smear that is staining positively for c.haemolyticum. Which is considered to be the most important factor that triggers disease with this bacterium?

PGE

Starvation

Fasciola hepatica

Shipping fever

Salmonellosis

Ixodes species (TBF/ anaplasmosis)

How is the pathogen illustrated transmitted?

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A sheep farmer is concerned that one of his adult eweshas this swelling under her jaw. What infection do you expect?

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

A markedly anaemic dog has a low haematocrit of 0.15L/L, a normal TP of 78g/l and a very high RPI of 4. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Aplastic anemia

IMHA

Haemorrhage

Myeloproliferative disease

Lymphoma involving the bone marrow

Onion poisoning

A centrifuged microhaematocrit tube for a hospitalised dog showed red plasma, moderately reduced haemaocrit, normal plasma protein and normal thickness of the buffy coat. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Hit by car

Immune mediated thrombocytopaenia

Metastatic tumour of the bone marrow

Immune mediated haemolysis

Onion poisoning

Storage and transport artefact

A blood sample submitted to the lab for haematological analysis showed a moderately increased haematocrit by normal haemoglobin concentration and red plasma. MCV was increased and MCHC was decreased compared to the refrence range. What is the most likely diagnosis?

PCR assay (EDTA whole blood)

Laboratiry confimation of mycoplasma haemofelis is best achieved by which procedure?

Evan's syndrome (anemia+ thrombocytopaenia+ increased metarubricytes+ lack of polychromasia+ anisocytosis)

An anaemic, thrombocytopaenic at is found to have a marked increase in metarubricytes in the blood byt without any significant polychromasia or anisocytosis. What is the most likely dignosis?

Lead poisoning

Erythremic myelosis

Evans syndrome

Myelotoxicity

Regenerative anemia

FeLV (associated with macrocytosis)

Which of the following is not associated with microcytosis?

Chronic systemic inflammation

Akita and shiba dogs

Portosystemic shunt

Iron deficiency

FeLV

Immune mediated destruction of erythrocytes

Equine infectious anemia gives rise to anemia as a result of which of the following?

Immune mediatd destruction of erythrocytes

Direct cytolysis of erythrocytes

Bone marrow damage

Immunosupression

Haemorrhage

Splenectomy

Which of the following should not be performed in the case of a dog presenting with symmetrical splenic enlargement because of malignant lymphoma ?

Biopsy

Abdominocentesis

Patient sedation

Splenectomy

Abdominal ultrasound

Recessive disease of Arabian foals

SCID is an autosomal.....

Animals between 6mo and 5yrs

Which of the following groups of cattle are most at risk of developing babesiosis?

Newborn cattle

Animals fed a high amount of concentrate

Animals aged between 6mo and 5yrs

Male individuals

Be DEA 1.1 negative (DEA 1.1 is the most immunogenicity erythrocyte antigen)

Which of the following is true: the appropriate canine blood donor should...

Not have been vaccinated fr rabies

Be DEA 1.1 negative

Haemophilia A

Which of the following is the least likely cause of chronic anemia in a racehorse in training?

Renal papillary necrosis (NSAID toxicity)

Intestinal ulceration

EIPH

Haemophilia A

Intestinal parasitism

Myelofibrosis

Which of the following is least likely with autoimmune mediated haemolytic anemia?

Agglutination

Myelofibrosis

Positive Coombs Test

Spherocytosis

Extravascular haemolysis

Myelocytes

What is the third cell type in the maturation of the leukocytes?

Myeloblast-> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte-> band

Developmnt of leukocytes

rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Development of erythrocytes

1% (prorubricyte <2%, basophilic rubricute <10%)

What percentage of the bone marrow haematopoetic cells are erythroblasts in healthy dogs?

Factor Va- Factor Xa- Calcium- PF III

Which coagulation complex converve prothrombin into thrombin

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A dog presented with a high leukocyte count, more than 10 fold increased. Up to 25% of leukocytes were smudged basket cells. They has small size, less han that of a neutrophil, round nuclei and a slight amount of cytoplasm with no granulse of vacuoles. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Phosphorus deficiency (post-parturient haemoglobinuria)

You are called to a dairy herd in February where 5 out of 30 recently calved cown have displayed signs of a weakness together with red coloured urine. What is the likely diagnosis?

7 hours

What is the half life of an equine neutrophil in circulation?

FIA (mycoplasma haemofelis)

A diabetic cat presented with moderate aemia with moderate reticulocytosis and occasional small intra-erythrocytic round or ring shaped inclusions. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Peritonitis

Which of the following is the most likely cause of acute neutropenia in the adult horse?

Do not allow the foal to nurse and watch the PCV to see how fast it is dropping

Which of the following is the most appropriate option to pursue when you suspect neonatal iso-erythrolysis in a 1 day old foal who presents with depression, pale icteric mucous membranes, increased HR (120bpm) and RR (60bpm) and mild fever ?

Administer blood transfusion directly from the mare

Administer blood transfusion directly from the stallion

Allow the foal to nurse the mare and watch the PCV to see how fast it is dropping

Do not allow the foal to nurse the mare and watch the PCV to see how fast it is dropping

Asminister a blood transfusion from a gelding that is resident on the farm

Form less freuquently in cats than dogs is incorrect- up to 5% is normal in healthy cats

Which of the following is incorrect about heinz bodies?

Consist of aggregate of oxidised haemoglobin

Often protrude from the RBC surface

Can be vitally sustained with new methylene blue

May occur with red maple lead intoxication in horses

Form less frequently in cats than dogs due to more resistant haemoglobin

Pale mms

Which of the following findings is an unlikely finding with red maple leaf toxiity in horses

Brown mucus membranes

Met-haemoglobinaemia

Haematouria

Pale mucus membranes

Heinz bodies

Chronic disease

A cat is presented with mild to moderate anemia. The haemogram indicates that it is non-regenerative and that both neutrophils and monocytes are increased 3-fold compared to the upper limit of the reference range. The neutrophils show mild toxic changes and ther is mild hyperproteinaemia due to moderate hyperglobulinaemia. What is the likely cause?

Lack of erythropoetin

Why is anemia associated with renal disease?

Myelomonocytic M4

What is the most common form of acute myeloid leukaemia in dogs?

M7 - Megakaryoblastic, M5- acute monoblastic/ monocytic

Which forms of myeloid leukaemia are rare ?

Biological transmission by ixodes ricinus ticks

How do cattle normally become infected with babesia divergins?

Babesiosis

A farmer moved his cattle herd to a rented pasture in county sligo in late spring. He had a total of 43 cattle ranging from 2-4 years old. Two weeks after introduction onto the property several of the animal developed decreased appetite with general weakness and lethargy. Key diagnostic findings are listed in he table, what is the most likely diagnosis ?

Clamp the vascular pedicle proximal to the site of torsion without untwisting the pedicle transect the vascular pedicle distal to the clamp and ligate the splenic artery and vein

What is the most appropriate surgical technique for splenectopy for the treatment of splenic torsion in a dog ?

30%

The percetage of animals with bovine leukaemia virus that go on to develop persistent lymphocytosis is estimated to be..

By detecting specific antibody in the blood

How is FIV commonly diagnosed?

Progressive asymmetric lameness in the hind limbs (cold limbs, progressively lame, recumbent, ejaculatory problems)

A 7yo stallion presents to your clinic with a supected aorto-illiac thrombosis. Which of the following clinical signs are you most likely to see?

Asymmetric ataxia of the hindlimbs

Paraphimosis (inability to retract the penis)

Progressive asymmetric lameness in the hinlimbs

Priapism (persistent erection)

Diffuse ulcerative lsions of the hindlimbs

Streptococcus equi URT infection (purapura haemorrhaica)

Which of the following diseases is most asociated with development of vasculitis of the horse ?

Streptococcus equi var equi URT infection

Rotavirus pneumonia

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lymphadenopathy

Staphylococcus aureus dermatitis

Clostridium perfringes myositis

Poor performance

Which clinica sign is most likely to be sen in a 3yo racehorse with mild anemia?

Tachycardia

Weak pulses

Poor performance

Hyoptension

Pale mms

Phenylbutazone

Which is the most commonly useed medication associated with aplasticanemia in the horse?

Babesiosis

A 9 month old beef cald was presented to the clinic with a hitory of anorexia, lethargy, and loss of weight. On clinical exam the rectal temperature was 38.1 and pale mms. The haematology revealed PCV 22% (rr 26-36) and Hb concentration 90g (rr 98-146). The farmer reposted that the urine appears reddish. What is the most likely cause of the clinical signs?

Haemonchus contortus

Which nematode is the most common cause of anemia in sheep in tropical regions of the world?

Babesia canis

Which of the following is an infectious disease that causes haemolytic anema in dogs?

Babesia canis

Iron deficiency

IMHA

Cytauxoon spp

Sarcosyttis cruzi

Celiac artery

The splenic artery directly arises from the ....

Haemorrhage

What is the most common complication associated with splenectomy?

Ligation of the short gastric arteries

Alternative (fast) technique splenectomy requires

Thymoma vs thymic lymphoma

A 6yo boxer presents to your practice for respiratory distress. You perform radiographs of the chest revealing the presence of mild fluid accumulation and a mas cranial to the heart. What are the most likely differentials?

The dog is anaemia (explaining the weakness, pale mucous membranes and the weak pulses).A CBC is indicated to differentiate destruction from blood loss. Given the Clinial signs there is a high suspicion of a splenic neoplasm such as haemangiosarcoma and thus an ultrasound is indicated

A 10 you GSD presents to your practive for weakness and reluctance to go on walks progressing over the past 24 hours. On presentation the dog has pale mms, weak pulses, a fluid thrill is detected in abdominal palpation and organomegaly is suspected in the cranial abdomen. What is the most likely scenario

Cytology

An 11yo dog presents to you with marked lymphadenopathy; all the peripheral lymph nodes are firm in palpation, the differentials include lymphoma, lymphadenitis and lymphoid hyperplasia. What would be the first step to try and differentiate between the three processes mentioned?

PARR

Flow cytometry

Histology

Cytology

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, clot formation, fibrinolysis

What are the four chronological stages of haemostasis?

CBC, blood smear, BMBT

What screening tests would you run to investigate a primary haemostasic disorder ?

Vitamin K dependent factors-II, VII, IX and X

Which clotting factors are affected by liver insufficiency

Prothrombin time, Activated partial thromboplastin

Which screening tests would you run for a potential disorder of secondary haemostasis

Blood loss

Haemolysis

Lack of production

What are the 3 main dd for anemia

Infectious and neoplastic

What are the main causes of secondary IMHA?

fresh frozen plasma as it contains all the labile coagulation factors including IX

A patient diagnosed as haemophiliac needs to have a minor procedure performed. What blood product is indicated to prevent bleeding at the time of the procedure?

- frozen plasma as it contains all the labile coagulation factors including IX

- fresh frozen plasma as it contains all the labile coagulation actors including IX

- fresh frozen plasma because it contains platelets which will enhance further coagulation

- fresh frozen plasma because it contains all the proteins to help with cicatrisaiton

Tachycardia, tachypnoea, weakness

What are the three main transfusion triggers in an anemic dog ?

30-40%?

What is the prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis lesions in infected Irish sheep flocks estimated to be?

Haemolysis of erythrocytes

What is the most common cause of anemia due to infectious agents?

Leukopenia

What is a consistent feature og CBC in dogs with canine parvovirus infection?

Actinobacillus equuli

Which of the following microorganisms does not cause lymphangitis in horses?

- burkholderia mallei

-corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

- sporothrix schenkii

- actinobacillus equuli

II- eosinophil

Which cells are most likely to be increased in the blood of an animal with intestinal parasitism ?

Canine (basophil)

Which species is v belonging to?

Acanthocytes (increased membrane cholesterol- DIC, haemangiosarcoma, liver disease, glomerulonephritis)

What are these?

Schistiocytes- red blood cell fragments (DIC, PSS, IDA, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis)

What are these ?

Marrow abnormalities, hepatic lipidosis, PSS, doxorubicin toxicity

When would these be seen in cats ?

Myelofibrosis, myeodysplastic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, RBC band 4.1 deficiency

When would these be seen in dogs ?

Dacryocytes- Myeloproliferative disease, myelofibrosis, glomerulonephritis, hypersplenism

When would these be seen in dogs?

Iron deficiency

When would these be seen in ruminants ?

Howell-Jolly bodies/ micro nuclei

What are these?

Heinz bodies- oxidised Hb

What are these?

Eccentrocytes

What are these?

Lysed erythrocytes

What are these?