Diuretic Agents and Related Medications

These flashcards cover the key concepts from the lecture related to diuretic agents, urinary bladder drugs, and the respiratory system.

Thiazide Diuretics include __________.

Hydrochlorothiazide.

The mechanism of action (MOA) of Hydrochlorothiazide is __________.

Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

List 4 adverse effects of Hydrochlorothiazide: __________.

Hypokalemia, dehydration, hyperglycemia, and hypotension.

Loop Diuretics include __________.

Furosemide.

The MOA of Furosemide is __________.

Inhibition of sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle.

List 4 adverse effects of Furosemide: __________.

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, ototoxicity, and hypotension.

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors include __________.

Acetazolamide.

The MOA of Acetazolamide is __________.

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, leading to decreased bicarbonate reabsorption.

List 4 adverse effects of Acetazolamide: __________.

Metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, renal stones, and drowsiness.

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics include __________.

Spironolactone.

The MOA of Spironolactone is __________.

Aldosterone receptor antagonism, promoting sodium excretion and potassium retention.

List 4 adverse effects of Spironolactone: __________.

Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, dizziness, and gastrointestinal upset.

Osmotic Diuretics include __________.

Mannitol.

Signs of a UTI may include __________.

Frequent urination, burning sensation while urinating, cloudy urine, and strong-smelling urine.

Signs of a UTI for an older patient may include __________.

Confusion, altered mental status, frequent falls, and incontinence.

Antimicrobials include __________.

Fosfomycin.

The MOA of Fosfomycin is __________.

Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.

List 4 adverse effects of Fosfomycin: __________.

Diarrhea, nausea, headache, and dizziness.

Anticholinergics include __________.

Oxybutynin.

The MOA of Oxybutynin is __________.

Blocking the effects of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors.

List 4 adverse effects of Oxybutynin: __________.

Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and drowsiness.

Alpha Adrenergic Blockers include __________.

Doxazosin.

The MOA of Doxazosin is __________.

Blocking alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation.

List 4 adverse effects of Doxazosin: __________.

Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache, and fatigue.

The drug to treat UTI in children is __________.

Fosfomycin.

Conditions of the lower respiratory tract include __________.

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.

Conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract include __________.

Sinusitis, rhinitis, and pharyngitis.

Gas exchange occurs in the __________.

Alveoli.

The difference between ventilation and perfusion is __________.

Ventilation refers to the air flow into and out of the lungs, while perfusion refers to the blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries.

Classification of drugs affecting the upper respiratory system includes __________.

Decongestants, antitussives, antihistamines, corticosteroids, expectorants, and mucolytics.

Antitussives include __________.

Dextromethorphan.

List 4 adverse effects of Dextromethorphan: __________.

Dizziness, sedation, nausea, and constipation.

Oral Decongestants include __________.

Pseudoephedrine.

The MOA of Pseudoephedrine is __________.

Vasoconstriction of nasal mucosa.

List 4 adverse effects of Pseudoephedrine: __________.

Insomnia, dizziness, increased blood pressure, and palpitations.

Steroid Nasal Decongestants include __________.

Fluticasone.

List 4 adverse effects of Fluticasone: __________.

Nasal irritation, headache, sore throat, and dryness.

Antihistamines include __________.

Diphenhydramine.

The MOA of Diphenhydramine is __________.

H1 receptor antagonism.

List 4 adverse effects of Diphenhydramine: __________.

Sedation, dizziness, dry mouth, and constipation.

Expectorants include __________.

Guaifenesin.

List 4 adverse effects of Guaifenesin: __________.

Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and diarrhea.

Mucolytics include __________.

Acetylcysteine.

The MOA of Acetylcysteine is __________.

Breaking disulfide bonds in mucus.

List 4 adverse effects of Acetylcysteine: __________.

Nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and bronchospasm.

Xanthine drugs include __________.

Theophylline.

List 4 adverse effects of Theophylline: __________.

Nausea, insomnia, increased heart rate, and gastrointestinal upset.

Sympathomimetics include __________.

Albuterol.

The MOA of Albuterol is __________.

Beta-2 adrenergic agonism.

List 4 adverse effects of Albuterol: __________.

Tachycardia, tremors, nervousness, and headache.

Anticholinergics include __________.

Ipratropium.

The MOA of Ipratropium is __________.

Blocking of muscarinic receptors.

List 4 adverse effects of Ipratropium: __________.

Dry mouth, cough, headache, and dizziness.

Inflammation-Inhaled Steroids include __________.

Budesonide.

List 4 adverse effects of Budesonide: __________.

Throat irritation, oral thrush, headache, and cough.

Glucosamine is used for __________.

Joint pain relief.

Adverse effects of glucosamine include __________.

Nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions.

Kava is used for __________.

Anxiety relief.

Adverse effects of Kava include __________.

Liver damage, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal upset.

Saw palmetto is used for __________.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

Adverse effects of Saw palmetto include __________.

Stomach discomfort, headache, and nausea.

Garlic is used for __________.

Cardiovascular health.

Adverse effects of garlic include __________.

Bad breath, gastrointestinal upset, and increased bleeding risk.