10.01-05 - Enlightenment, French Rev., LA Revs., Ind. Rev., WWI

clergy

people who work for a church; In the Catholic Church these include the Pope, bishops, and priests

Congress of Vienna

(1815) meeting of representatives from powerful states in Europe to redraw the map of Europe to restore it to pre-Napoleon conditions and to establish a balance of power that will prevent future wars

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

(1789) document written by the National Assembly which outline the ideals of the French Revolution

French Revolution

(1789-1799) a political revolution during which the lower and middle class in France, frustrated over social, economic, and political problems in the country and inspired by Enlightenment ideas overthrew King Louis XVI and tried to institute a more democratic government

Louis XVI

(1754-1793) king of France who was overthrown and executed during the French Revolution

Maximilien Robespierre

(1758-1794) leader of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution who was executed

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) military leader and later emperor of France who brought order and stability towards the end of the Revolution. He attempted to conquer all of Europe, but failed and was eventually exiled to a remote island for the rest of his life

Napoleonic Code

(1804) law code established by Napoleon Bonaparte that served as an example for the law codes of other countries

Estate System

social class system in France before the French Revolution in which nobles and the clergy were privileged over all others

Third Estate

the working class in France before the French Revolution

Reign of Terror

(Sept 5, 1793- July 28, 1794) a period of intense violence in the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety

Adam Smith

(1723-1790) a Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and who supported laissez faire policies and whose ideas support capitalism

capitalism

an economic system in which land, factories, and other resources are owned by individuals instead of the government. In this system, the prices of things we buy are decided by the people who sell them and not by the government

communism

a system of government in which all factories, farms, and other valuable things are owned and controlled by the government

Industrial Revolution

the period in which the production of goods shifted from hand production methods to complex machines. This period of industrialization resulted in social and economic changes. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain around 1750. The process of industrialization spread throughout the world in the following centuries.

industrialization

the process of developing manufacturing on a large scale

James Watt

(1736 - 1819) was a Scottish inventor and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine provided much of the force behind the Industrial Revolution

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) a German political philosopher and economist who founded modern socialism and wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

natural resource

materials the occur in nature and can be used for economic gain (to make money) like forests, water, fertile land, oil, or coal

reform

to make changes in something to improve it; the action or process of changing something

social class

groupings of people in a society usually based on wealth, religion, ethnicity, or other factors

steam engine

a machine that heats water, then uses resulting steam to move machinery. Though other invented the steam engine, James Watt's version of it was popular during the Industrial Revolution.

urbanization

the process of making an area more city-like

working class

a social group lower than the middle class, usually made up of people who earned a living through manual labor and earned a low age

Haitian Revolution

(1791-1804) a successful slave revolt and revolution that led to Haiti's independence from France

independence movement

an attempt by one group to become independent from another

nationalism

strong feelings of support for one's nation

Simón Bolívar

(1783-1830) leader of Latin American Independence movements in South America

Toussaint L'Ouverture

(1743-1803) an ex-slave and leader of the Haitian Revolution

absolute monarchy

system of government where one person has absolute control

Baron de Montesquieu

(1689-1755) French Enlightenment thinker who wrote The Spirit of Laws and believed that to keep one person or group from gaining too much power a government should be separated into three branches: judicial, legislative, and executive.

Catherine the Great

(1729-1796) an enlightened despot who ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796

consent

permission for something to happen or an agreement to do something

divine right

is the belief that an absolute monarch's authority to rule came directly from God

Enlightenment (The)

(mid-1600s to the late 1700s) a period of time in Western Europe when philosophers and writers applied the scientific idea of reason to answer political questions; The Enlightenment is sometimes known as the Age of Reason

executive

the part of a government that enforces laws- the president, governor, or mayor

government

the group of people that has power to make laws and important decisions for a community, state, or nation

Jean Jacques Rousseau

(1712-1778) French Enlightenment thinker who wrote about the social contract

John Locke

(1632-1704) an English Enlightenment thinker who wrote Two Treatises of Government and believed that the role of government is to protect people's natural rights (life, liberty, and property), and that government can only get its right to rule from the consent of the governed

judiciary

the part of a government that interprets laws- courts, judges

legislature

the part of a government that makes laws- parliament or congress

liberty

the freedom to do what you would like to do

natural right

right that all people are born with and that John Locke believed the government should protect including the rights to life, liberty, and property; sometimes called "natural laws"

philosopher

one who thinks about, questions, and studies the nature of life, truth, knowledge, and other important human matters

separation of powers

Montesquieu's idea that government power should be divided into judicial, legislative, and executive branches and that each section of the government should have the ability to check the power of the others

social contract

an agreement, the social contract, in which we promise to follow the "general will" of the members of the society as expressed by the laws made by the government. In exchange, we receive the liberty to do what we want as long as we do not break those laws.

militarism

a policy that emphasizes military strength and preparedness

alliance

a union or team formed to support and protect one another

imperialism

the policy of extending a country or empire's power and influence over another by taking over its land and/or government

assassination

a murder of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons

nationalism

strong feelings of support for one's nation

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(1863-1914) member of the ruling family of Austria-Hungary whose assassination sparked the start of WWI

treaty

an agreement between countries

Treaty of Versailles

(1919) agreement signed that officially ended WWI, blamed Germany for the war and started the League of Nations

World War I

(1914-1919) war fought between France, Great Britain, and the United States on one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other

Balkans (Balkan Peninsula)

region in southeastern Europe that was under the influence of Russia and Austria-Hungary at the start of WWI and where nationalistic feelings were high

trench warfare

a method of fighting in WWI in which both sides dug ditches to avoid enemy fire and the objective was to take over land by taking over each other's ditches

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

Alliance during WWI that included Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, and the USA

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

Alliance during WWI that included Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy

powder keg

a container for gunpowder which can erupt if there is a spark; used to describe the Balkans at the start of WWI

The Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, starting WWI