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116 Terms
Cell
The smallest unit of life that can carry out all life processes.
Cell theory
All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Nucleus
Organelle that controls cell activities and contains DNA.
DNA
Genetic material that contains instructions for how cells work.
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for a characteristic.
Mitochondria
The site of aerobic respiration where energy is released.
Ribosomes
Structures that make proteins.
Cell membrane
A selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like substance where many chemical reactions occur.
Cell wall
A rigid cellulose layer in plant cells that supports and strengthens the cell.
Chloroplast
Plant cell organelle containing chlorophyll that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
A green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Vacuole
A structure in plant cells containing cell sap that keeps the cell firm.
Prokaryotic cell
A simple cell with no nucleus, such as bacteria.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with a nucleus, such as plant and animal cells.
Specialised cell
A cell adapted to perform a specific function.
Red blood cell
A specialised cell that carries oxygen around the body.
Red blood cell adaptations
Biconcave shape increases surface area, no nucleus allows more space for haemoglobin, haemoglobin carries oxygen.
Neuron
A nerve cell that carries electrical signals around the body.
Neuron adaptations
A long axon carries signals over long distances and branches connect with other cells.
Sperm cell
A cell that fertilises an egg.
Sperm cell adaptations
A tail allows movement and many mitochondria provide energy.
Root hair cell
A plant cell that absorbs water and minerals from soil.
Root hair cell adaptations
A long extension increases surface area for absorption.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Osmosis
The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration.
Active transport
The movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration using energy.
Aerobic respiration
The process that releases energy using glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
The process where plants use light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Digestive system
A body system that breaks down food into small molecules that can be absorbed.
Mouth
The organ where digestion begins; teeth break food and saliva starts starch digestion.
Oesophagus
A tube that moves food to the stomach using muscle contractions.
Stomach
An organ that churns food, contains acid, and begins protein digestion.
Liver
An organ that produces bile to help digest fats and neutralise acid.
Pancreas
An organ that produces digestive enzymes.
Small intestine
The organ where digestion finishes and nutrients are absorbed.
Villi
Tiny structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the blood.
Villi adaptations
Large surface area, thin walls, and many blood vessels allow fast absorption.
Respiratory system
The body system responsible for gas exchange.
Alveoli
Small air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.
Alveoli adaptations
Large surface area, thin walls, moist surface, and good blood supply.
Circulatory system
A body system that transports substances around the body using blood.
Heart
A muscular organ that pumps blood around the body.
Artery
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
Vein
A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.
Capillary
A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged with cells.
White blood cell
A blood cell that fights pathogens and protects against disease.
Platelet
A blood component that helps blood clot.
Plasma
The liquid part of blood that transports dissolved substances.
Kidney
An organ that filters blood and removes urea and excess water.
Urine
A waste liquid containing urea, water and salts.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.
Temperature regulation
A homeostasis process that controls body temperature.
Blood glucose regulation
A homeostasis process that keeps blood sugar levels stable.
What is the smallest unit of life?
A cell.
What are the 3 parts of cell theory?
All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from pre-existing cells.
Why is the nucleus important?
It controls cell activities and contains DNA.
Why are mitochondria important?
They release energy through aerobic respiration.
Why do active cells have more mitochondria?
They need more energy for their activities.
What is the function of ribosomes?
They make proteins.
Why is the cell membrane called selectively permeable?
It allows some substances to enter and leave but blocks others.
What is the function of cytoplasm?
It is where many chemical reactions happen.
Why do plant cells have a cell wall?
To support the cell and maintain its shape.
Why do plant cells have chloroplasts?
To absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
What is the purpose of chlorophyll?
It absorbs light energy.
Why do plant cells have a vacuole?
It stores cell sap and keeps the cell firm.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Why are specialised cells important?
Their adaptations allow them to perform specific functions.
How is a red blood cell adapted to carry oxygen?
It has a biconcave shape, no nucleus, and contains haemoglobin.
Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?
To create more space for haemoglobin and oxygen.
How is a neuron adapted to carry signals?
It has a long axon to carry signals over distances.
Why do sperm cells have many mitochondria?
To provide energy for movement.
How is a root hair cell adapted for absorption?
It has a long extension that increases surface area.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
Does diffusion require energy?
No.
Give an example of diffusion in the human body.
Oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane.
What is active transport?
The movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration using energy.
Why does active transport require energy?
Because substances are moving against the concentration gradient.
What is aerobic respiration?
A process that releases energy using glucose and oxygen.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen โ carbon dioxide + water + energy.
What is photosynthesis?
The process where plants use light energy to make glucose.
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen.
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To break food into small molecules that can be absorbed.
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth.
What enzyme is found in saliva?
Amylase.
What does amylase digest?
Starch.
What is the function of the stomach?
It churns food, contains acid, and begins protein digestion.
What does the liver produce?
Bile.
What does bile do?
It helps digest fats and neutralises stomach acid.
What does the pancreas produce?
Digestive enzymes.
Where are nutrients absorbed?
In the small intestine.
Why does the small intestine have villi?
To increase surface area for absorption.
How are villi adapted for absorption?
They have a large surface area, thin walls, and many blood vessels.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange.
Where does gas exchange happen?
In the alveoli.
What happens to oxygen in the alveoli?
It diffuses into the blood.
What happens to carbon dioxide in the alveoli?
It diffuses from the blood into the air.
Why are alveoli walls thin?
To allow gases to diffuse quickly.