World History Honors Final Exam Review

Flashcards covering the European Renaissance, Reformation, Absolutism, Enlightenment, and major revolutions through World War II.

Humanism

The belief of free thinking and not placing the Roman Catholic Church at the center of everything, where importance is placed on humans and their accomplishments.

Renaissance Man

A jack of all trades who wants to accomplish as much as possible, exemplified by individual talents like Leonardo da Vinci.

Leonardo da Vinci

A Renaissance Man who was an inventor, artist, architect, sculptor, and writer; famous for the Mona Lisa and blueprint sketches of planes/submarines.

Francesco Petrarch

The individual known as the Father of Humanism.

Rococo

An artistic style characterized as whimsical, abstract, lively, colorful, and nature-inspired, often featuring ornate details and controversial or taboo topics.

Baroque

A serious, dark, and theatrical artistic style often dealing with religious topics; it was funded by the RCC to entice people back to the church.

Neo-Classical

An artistic style that portrays ‘new’ classical art focused on ancient Greek and Roman subjects, gods/goddesses, and mythological tales.

Martin Luther

A German monk who was against indulgences and wrote the 95 Theses, leading to the Protestant Reformation.

95 Theses

A list of $95$ reasons why the Roman Catholic Church was corrupt, written by Martin Luther.

Lutheranism

A Protestant religious branch started by Martin Luther after he questioned the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

Protestants

The general term for ‘protestors’ of the Roman Catholic Church.

Huguenots

The term used for French Protestants.

John Calvin

The leader of Calvinism who believed in the concept of Predestination.

Predestination

The belief that a person's fate is already determined before they are born.

Henry VIII

The King of England who established the Church of England/Anglicanism because he wanted to divorce his wife.

Anglicanism

Also known as the Church of England, it follows the Roman Catholic Church’s style but places the King of England at the top instead of the Pope.

Charles V

The King who renounced his throne and split his empire into Spain and the Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire).

Philip II

The first real absolute ruler in Spain after Charles V who was involved in the Spanish Inquisition and fought Elizabeth I.

Spanish Inquisition

A time period of questioning individuals on their religion, specifically targeting anyone who was not Catholic.

Armada

Specially fortified Spanish ships that were big and slow, leading to Spain's loss against England.

Henry IV

The French King who established the Edict of Nantes to protect Huguenots.

Edict of Nantes

A decree that granted religious tolerance and protection to French Protestants (Huguenots).

Louis XIV

Known as the ‘Sun King’ or God, he was an extreme absolute monarch who ruled France for about $70$ to $72$ years.

Palace of Versailles

A symbol of power and wealth created by Louis XIV to control the nobility by keeping them under his watchful eye.

Deficit spending

The economic condition of spending more money than is possessed, notably practiced by Louis XIV.

Budget Surplus

The opposite of deficit spending, where income exceeds expenditures.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

A financial advisor to Louis XIV who applied tariffs on goods.

Mercantilism

An economic system based on international trade and exploiting territories.

War of Spanish Succession

A war between Spain, France, and England intended to balance power in the region.

Mary Tudor

The English monarch who preceded Elizabeth I in the line of succession.

Elizabeth I

The Protestant Queen of England who defeated the Spanish Armada.

Charles I

The English King who ignored the Magna Carta, removed Parliament, and was the first King to be tried and executed by his own people.

Magna Carta

An English document meant to levy power on monarchs and nobility, which Charles I ignored.

English Civil War

A conflict between followers of Charles I and followers of Parliament, which ended in a victory for Parliament.

Maria Theresa

The Emperor of the Hapsburg Empire who was the first woman in power and solidified her authority during the War of Austrian Succession.

War of Austrian Succession

A conflict where Frederick II of Prussia challenged Maria Theresa's rightful rule of the Hapsburg Empire.

Frederick II of Prussia

The ruler who believed he was the rightful leader of the Hapsburg Empire and attacked Maria Theresa through Silesia.

Silesia

The region Frederick II of Prussia attempted to go through to defeat Maria Theresa.

Thirty Years’ War

A deadly religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants that resulted in approximately $8$ million deaths.

Peace of Westphalia

The treaty that split Germany into $360$ states, established a balance of power, and allowed nations to determine their own religion.

Peter the Great

A Romanov Czar who modernized and westernized Russia by centralizing power and building up the military.

Warm-water port

A strategic goal for Peter the Great because Russia's existing ports froze for half the year.

St. Petersburg

The city Peter the Great moved the capital of Russia to after defeating Sweden.

Window to the West

A term describing St. Petersburg's role in allowing Russia to trade and colonize similarly to other modernized nations.

Catherine the Great

An Enlightened despot who modernized Russia, westernized it, and improved the education system to allow girls to attend school.

Westernization

The process practiced by Catherine the Great to bring European fashion trends and traditions to Russia.

Enlightened despot

An absolute monarch who adopted Enlightenment ideas to improve their nation.

Enlightenment

The use of logic and reason to solve problems and come to independent conclusions rather than relying on the RCC.

John Locke

The author of ‘Two Treaties of Government’ who believed people are good, supported democracy, and advocated for natural laws/rights.

Thomas Hobbes

The author of ‘Leviathan’ who believed people are bad and supported absolute monarchies.

Baron de Montesquieu

The author of ‘Spirit of Laws’ who advocated for checks and balances and the separation of powers.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

The author of ‘The Origins of Inequality’ and ‘Social Contract’ who believed the government must fulfill mutual obligations or the people can revolt.

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government to fulfill mutual obligations.

Adam Smith

The author of ‘The Wealth of Nations’ who proposed the Laissez-Faire economic policy.

Laissez-Faire

A policy meaning ‘let go,’ where the government does not interfere with the economy.

Mary Wollstonecraft

The author of ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’ who advocated for women's rights and education.

Denis Diderot

The creator of a $28$ volume Encyclopedia intended to allow people to build off of one another’s works.

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)

An Enlightenment thinker and author of ‘Candide’ who advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and the separation of church and state.

Scientific Revolution

The use of logic and reason to explain natural events rather than relying solely on religious explanations.

Nicholas Copernicus

The scientist who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

Heliocentric

The model of the universe where the sun is at the center, as opposed to the geocentric model.

Galileo

The scientist who discovered that planets orbit in an elliptical pattern and was tried for heresy by the RCC.

Elliptical pattern

The specific shape of planetary orbits verified by Galileo and Johannes Kepler.

Heresy

A belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine; Galileo was accused of being a heretic.

Tycho Brache

A scientist who helped verify the findings related to planetary orbits.

Johannes Kepler

A scientist who verified that the planetary orbit pattern is elliptical.

Medici Family

An oligarchical family that governed Florence, created the first banking system in Italy, and were patrons of the arts.

Lorenzo Medici

Known as ‘the magnificent,’ he was a patron of the arts who created an art school in his backyard where Michelangelo studied.

Patron

Someone who funds artists at a specific time.

Michelangelo

A Renaissance artist known for the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Moses, Pieta, and David; he learned at Lorenzo’s art school.

Rafael

An artist who utilized Neo-Classical styles and preferred them over the ‘gaudy’ Gothic architecture.

Printing Press

The Gutenberg Press invention that allowed for the rapid circulation of literature and critique of the RCC.

Albrecht Dürer

A northern European engraver and artist whose works critiqued the practices of the RCC.

Act of Supremacy

The decree that established the English monarch as the supreme head of the Church of England.

Jacques Necker

A financial advisor to Louis XIV who applied tariffs to the French economy.

Divine right

The belief that a monarch's authority to rule comes directly from God.

Kingless Decade

The period in England when Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector without a monarch.

Oliver Cromwell

The leader of the Commonwealth in England during the Kingless Decade following the execution of Charles I.

Commonwealth

A term referring to England as a republic during the rule of Oliver Cromwell.

Theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God, as seen in the English Commonwealth.

Coup de état

The act of overthrowing a government.

Glorious Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of James II by Mary and William of Orange.

Mary and William of Orange

The Protestant monarchs who took the English throne during the Glorious Revolution.

English Bill of Rights

A document created by Mary and William of Orange that limited the power of the monarchy.

Constitutional Monarchy

A limited monarchy where the ruler's power is balanced by a constitution or representative body.

El Greco

A famous painter in Spain known for elongated, magical realistic forms of art and impressionist style.

Miguel de Cervantes

The author of ‘Don Quixote,’ which is considered the first modern novel.

Don Quixote

The title of the first modern novel, written by Miguel de Cervantes.

Sir Isaac Newton

A key figure of the Scientific Revolution mentioned in the B Period notes.

Olympe de Gouges

The author of ‘A Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen’ who was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror.

King George III

The absolute monarch of England during the American Revolution who taxed colonists to fund the French and Indian War.

Benign or salutary neglect

The long-term English policy of leaving American colonies to govern themselves, leading to self-reliance.

Stamp Act

A tax placed on paper goods in the American colonies by the English government.

First Continental Congress

A secret meeting in PA where representatives from $12$ of the $13$ colonies discussed revolutionizing.

Second Continental Congress

The meeting where the Declaration of Independence was drafted.

Thomas Jefferson

The primary author of the American Declaration of Independence in $1776$.

James Madison

The primary author of the United States Constitution.

Louis XVI

The French King during the French Revolution who was eventually executed by guillotine.

Marie Antoinette

The French Queen from Austria who was executed during the Reign of Terror.

Estates General

An official meeting with representatives from all three estates meant to discuss problems, though it gave only an illusion of power.