AP BIO- Molecular Genetics

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DNA replication

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. It involves the unwinding of the double helix, separation of the two strands, and synthesis of new complementary strands using existing strands as templates.

DNA

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

ATGC

antiparallel double stranded

RNA

ribose nucleic acid

AUGC

single stranded

DNA transcription

Process where DNA is used as a template to create a complementary RNA molecule. Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Initiated by RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region of a gene. Results in the formation of messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

DNA translation

Process where the information in mRNA is used to synthesize a protein. Ribosomes read the codons on the mRNA and match them with tRNA carrying the corresponding amino acid. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached.