science

What is electric charge?

A property of matter that can be positive (+) or negative (−). Opposite charges attract, while like charges repel.

What is static electricity?

The build-up of electric charges on an object.

What is current electricity?

The flow of electrons through a conductor.

What are conductors and insulators?

Conductors allow electricity to flow (e.g., copper, aluminum), while insulators resist electricity flow (e.g., rubber, plastic, wood).

How is electric current measured?

Electric current is measured in amperes (amps).

What direction do electrons flow in a circuit?

Electrons flow from negative to positive.

What is voltage?

The 'push' that moves electrons, measured in volts (V).

What is resistance?

Resistance opposes the flow of electricity and is measured in ohms (Ω). More resistance leads to less current.

What is Ohm's Law?

Ohm's Law states that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

What is a series circuit?

A series circuit has one path for electricity. If one part breaks, the whole circuit stops, and bulbs get dimmer as more are added.

What is a parallel circuit?

A parallel circuit has multiple paths for electricity. One broken branch does not stop the others and is commonly used in homes.

What are the two types of waves?

Mechanical waves, which need matter to travel through (e.g., sound waves), and electromagnetic waves, which do not need matter (e.g., light, radio waves).

What is the formula for wave speed?

The formula for wave speed is v = fλ, where v is wave speed, f is frequency, and λ is wavelength.

How do sound waves travel?

Sound waves travel fastest in solids and cannot travel in space; higher frequency results in a higher pitch.

What are simple machines?

Simple machines make work easier by changing force or direction; examples include lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.

What is mechanical advantage (MA)?

Mechanical advantage shows how much a machine multiplies force, calculated as MA = output force/input force.

What is Newton's First Law?

Newton's First Law (Inertia) states that objects stay at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a force.

What is acceleration?

Acceleration is the change in velocity over time, calculated with a = (v_f - v_i) / t.

What is velocity?

Velocity is speed with direction.

What is inertia?

Inertia is the resistance to changes in motion.

How is work calculated?

Work is calculated with the formula W = Fd, where W is work, F is force, and d is distance.

What do we mean when we say energy can transfer but is conserved?

It means that energy can change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant.