NEURO SURGERY

Cribriform plate

Which skull base opening transmits the olfactory nerves?

Olfactory nerves

What are the nerves of CN I?

CN I

What is the cranial nerve designation for the olfactory nerves?

Optic canal

Which skull base opening transmits the optic nerve?

Optic nerve

What is the nerve of CN II?

CN II

What is the cranial nerve designation for the optic nerve?

Superior orbital fissure

Which opening transmits CN III, CN IV, CN VI, and CN V1?

CN III

What is the first cranial nerve passing through the superior orbital fissure?

CN IV

What is the second cranial nerve passing through the superior orbital fissure?

CN VI

What is the third cranial nerve passing through the superior orbital fissure?

CN V1

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure?

Ophthalmic branch

What is the name of the CN V1 branch?

Foramen rotundum

Which skull base opening transmits CN V2?

CN V2

What is the cranial nerve designation for the maxillary branch?

Maxillary branch

What is the name of the CN V2 branch?

Foramen ovale

Which skull base opening transmits CN V3?

CN V3

What is the cranial nerve designation for the mandibular branch?

Mandibular branch

What is the name of the CN V3 branch?

Carotid canal

Which opening transmits the carotid artery?

Carotid artery

Which major vessel passes through the carotid canal?

Internal acoustic meatus

Which opening transmits CN VII and CN VIII?

CN VII

What is the cranial nerve designation for the facial nerve?

Facial

What is the name of CN VII?

CN VIII

What is the cranial nerve designation for the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Vestibulocochlear

What is the name of CN VIII?

Jugular foramen

Which opening transmits CN IX, CN X, and CN XI?

CN IX

What is the first cranial nerve passing through the jugular foramen?

CN X

What is the second cranial nerve passing through the jugular foramen?

CN XI

What is the third cranial nerve passing through the jugular foramen?

Hypoglossal canal

Which opening transmits CN XII?

CN XII

What is the cranial nerve designation for the hypoglossal nerve?

Hypoglossal

What is the name of CN XII?

Five

Into how many lobes is the cerebrum arbitrarily divided?

Central sulcus

What structure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

Frontal

Which lobe contains three gyri and two sulci?

Superior, middle, and inferior

What are the names of the three gyri in the frontal lobe?

Parietal

Which lobe is limited anteriorly by the central sulcus and medially by the interhemispheric fissure?

Interhemispheric fissure

What is the medial boundary of the parietal lobe?

Sylvian fissure

What is the inferior boundary of the parietal lobe?

Temporal

Which lobe is limited superiorly by the posterior ramus of the Sylvian fissure?

Posterior ramus

What specific part of the Sylvian fissure limits the temporal lobe?

Three

How many gyri does the temporal lobe contain?

Occipital

Which lobe is located behind the parieto-occipital line?

Parieto-occipital line

Behind which anatomical line is the occipital lobe located?

Medial aspect

On which aspect of the occipital lobe is the primary visual area located?

Primary visual area

What functional area is located on the medial aspect of the occipital lobe?

Insula

Which lobe is hidden and requires prying open the temporal lobe and Sylvian fissure?

Pyramid

What is the shape of the insula lobe?

Hydrocephalus

What is an abnormal increase in CSF within the ventricles?

Communicating hydrocephalus

In which type of hydrocephalus is the primary problem absorption at the arachnoid granulations?

Arachnoid granulations

Where is the absorption problem located in communicating hydrocephalus?

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

In which type of hydrocephalus is the primary problem a physical blockage within the ventricular system?

Obstructive

What is another name for non-communicating hydrocephalus?

Entire ventricular system

What part of the ventricular system is enlarged in communicating hydrocephalus?

Proximal to the obstruction

Where does dilation occur in non-communicating hydrocephalus?

Small

What is the size of distal ventricles in obstructive hydrocephalus?

TB meningitis

What is a common infectious cause of communicating hydrocephalus?

Post-hemorrhagic scarring

What is a post-bleeding cause of communicating hydrocephalus?

Vasculitis

What is a vascular inflammatory cause of communicating hydrocephalus?

Aqueductal stenosis

What is a common congenital cause of non-communicating hydrocephalus?

Pineal tumors

Which tumors are a common cause of non-communicating hydrocephalus?

Cerebellar tumors

Which posterior fossa tumors can cause obstructive hydrocephalus?

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy

What does the acronym ETV stand for?

Not effective

Is ETV effective for communicating hydrocephalus?

Effective

Is ETV effective for non-communicating hydrocephalus?

Bypassing the obstruction

How does ETV treat non-communicating hydrocephalus?

Internal capsule

What white matter carries information past the basal ganglia?

Caudate

Which structure is anterior to the internal capsule?

Thalamus

Which structure is posterior to the internal capsule?

Putamen

Which structure is lateral to the internal capsule?

Basal ganglia

The internal capsule carries information past which structure?

Omega sign

What radiologic marker is found at the intersection of the superior frontal and precentral sulci?

Superior frontal and precentral

The Omega sign is at the intersection of which two sulci?

Motor strip

What does the radiologic Omega sign represent?

Corpus callosum

What is the largest commissure fiber in the brain?

Disconnection syndrome

What syndrome is caused if the separation of the corpus callosum is too wide during surgery?

Greater than 2.5cm

At what separation width during surgery does the corpus callosum risk disconnection syndrome?

Meyer’s loop

What is the optic radiation extension in the superior temporal pole?

Superior temporal pole

In which lobe and pole is Meyer’s loop located?

Contralateral superior quadrantanopia

What specific neurological deficit is caused by an injury to Meyer’s loop?

Pie in the sky

What is the colloquial term for contralateral superior quadrantanopia?

Monro-Kellie doctrine

On what doctrine are nearly all neurosurgical interventions based?

8-15 mmHg

What is the normal ICP range in mmHg?

10-20 cm H2O

What is the normal ICP range in cm H2O?

Column of water

What do neurosurgeons use to check ICP practically?

MAP

What is the acronym for mean arterial pressure?

MAP = (SBP + 2(DBP)) / 3

What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure?

1, 2, 3

What is the mnemonic for the MAP formula?

1 SBP, 2 DBP, divide by 3

How do you apply the 1, 2, 3 mnemonic for the MAP formula?

CPP

What is the acronym for cerebral perfusion pressure?

MAP minus ICP

What is the formula for Cerebral Perfusion Pressure?

60-80 mmHg

What is the normal range for CPP?

Cushing’s triad

What consists of hypertension, bradycardia, and abnormal respiration?

Hypertension

What is the first component of Cushing’s triad?

Bradycardia

What is the second component of Cushing’s triad?

Abnormal respiration

What is the third component of Cushing’s triad?

Ominous

What kind of sign is Cushing’s triad?

Herniation

Untreated increased ICP indicated by Cushing's triad leads to what?

CT

What is the imaging modality of choice for head trauma?

Hyperdense

How does blood appear on a CT in head trauma?