GEO 005

what is NOT part of the different layers of the Earth based on composition?

Subduction Zone

what are the parts of the different layers of the Earth based on composition?

Crust, Mantle, Inner Core

A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other is called:

Divergent Boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move towards each other is called:

Convergent Boundary

A plate boundary where two plates slide past one another is called:

Transform Boundary

What is the name of the supercontinent that broke apart about 180 million years ago?

Pangea

What is the name of the discovery that allows to explain the mechanism by which the continents drift apart?

Seafloor spreading

What was NOT one of the main types of data used at the time to support Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift

The age of rocks on each continent

What were the main types of data used at the time to support Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift

- Fit of the continent's shape,

- Glacial striations were lined up they looked to be continuous across continents,

- Similar type of lava flow on different continents,

- Fossils of non-swimmers found on both sides of the modern oceans

How did the Earth acquire its internal heat?

From multiple collisions during formation

How does the age of the ocean floor increase?

systematically away from the ridge

Ocean-ocean subduction zones is:

An example of convergent boundary where one plate with oceanic crust is forced below another plate of oceanic crust

Where do earthquakes occur?

On all plate boundaries and within tectonic plates

What best describes a fault?

Fractured rock that has been displaced, i.e., rocks on one side of the fracture have moved relative to the other side

According to the elastic rebound model, earthquakes are caused by energy released when

highly stressed (i.e., bent) rock breaks and abruptly moves.

Vibration during an earthquake

is usually most intense when the surface waves arrive

P-waves

- are the fastest of the waves.

- can move through solid, liquids, or gases.

- are a type of compressional wave that moves with a push/pull motion.

What is FALSE about P-waves?

they cause the most damage in an earthquake.

Which seismic waves are the last to reach a seismograph station?

Surface waves

The distance to the epicenter of an earthquake is found by

comparing the arrival times of the P-and S-waves.

How many earthquakes are there every year?

About 1,500,000

What is the difference between earthquake intensity and magnitude?

Intensity refers to the effects that earthquakes have, magnitude refers to energy released.

What is generally FALSE about the shaking from earthquakes?

Bedrock directly underneath a location causes more ground shaking than mud or lose sediments.

What is generally true about the shaking from earthquakes?

- Shallow earthquakes tend to cause more ground shaking than deep ones.

- Places closer to the epicenter tend to experience more ground shaking.

- The direction that the rupture moves along a fault can affect the amount of shaking.

What is the process called by which two sides of a fault remain stuck together for a long time and then slip suddenly during an earthquake?

Stick-slip behavior

What kinds of faults occur in extensional settings?

Normal faults

A magnitude 8 earthquake causes how much more shaking than a magnitude 6 earthquake?

100 times

What is earthquake intensity (Mercalli Scale) a measure of?

The amount of shaking felt by people and buildings during an earthquake

What could threaten an area after the initial shocks from an earthquake subside?

-Fires

-Landslides

-Tsunamis

-Aftershocks

Which kind of material would be prone to liquefaction during an earthquake?

Water-saturated sand

If earthquake predictions are possible, what is NOT used as precursory phenomena?

Gravitational attraction between the Moon and the Earth

If earthquake predictions are possible, what can be used as precursory phenomena?

-Foreshocks

-Changes in ground elevation

-Locations of seismic gaps along a fault

What can cause an earthquake?

plate tectonic activity and human activities.

If you lived on an active fault and felt a small earthquake, what would that mean

The fault is releasing energy, but it is not enough to know what might happen next

what is NOT a reasonable way for communities to deal with the earthquake hazard?

Avoid living in an area where there are any earthquakes

what is a reasonable way for communities to deal with the earthquake hazard?

- Retrofit old buildings

- Enact building codes for new construction

- Educate people on what to do during an earthquake

What is the most realistic approach to minimizing earthquake hazards?

Legislate strict building codes that require strong and flexible buildings.

Can Earthquakes be predicted on a short-term basis with considerable accuracy, correct time and place, most of the time by careful measurement of precursor?

No

It is possible to develop an earthquake warning system that would provide 15 - 60 seconds of warning to an urban area before the arrival of damaging earthquake waves if the earthquake occurred far enough away.

yes