socials Canada history

What were early relations between Europeans and Indigenous peoples like?

Trade-based and often favored Indigenous peoples at first.

How did colonization affect Indigenous sovereignty?

French and British colonization challenged and reduced Indigenous sovereignty.

What key battle marked British victory over France in Canada?

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, where Britain defeated France.

What was a major impact of European contact on Indigenous populations?

About 90% of Indigenous people died, largely due to disease.

Who helped strengthen settlement in New France?

Louis XIV sent soldiers and the Filles du Roi.

What was New France?

An official French colony in North America.

What economic shift occurred during colonization?

A shift from imperialism (control from afar) to colonialism (settlement and control of land).

What was the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)?

A major fur trading company that set up posts at rivers flowing into Hudson and James Bay.

When and how was Rupert’s Land created?

In 1670, Charles II of England granted the Hudson’s Bay drainage basin to the HBC, naming it Rupert's Land.

What were Indigenous societies like before contact?

Diverse but shared similarities; had conflict and warfare for prestige, economic gain, and revenge.

What were “mourning wars”?

Back: Conflicts to capture people to replace lost loved ones; revenge could last decades.

Who were the first Europeans in North America and what happened?

Vikings settled in Newfoundland (L'Anse aux Meadows), traded with Indigenous peoples, but left due to distance and conflict.

Why did Europeans explore the “New World”?

For wealth, resources, land, and routes to Asia; led by Spain, Portugal, France, and Great Britain.

Who was Jacques Cartier and when did he explore?

A French explorer who made 3 voyages (1534–1542) during the Age of Discovery.

What happened on Cartier’s First Voyage (1534)?

Explored Newfoundland, Labrador, and Gaspé; kidnapped two sons of Chief Donnacona and took them to France.

What happened on Cartier’s Second Voyage (1535)?

Traveled the St. Lawrence River; reached Stadacona (Quebec City) and Hochelaga (Montreal); claimed land for France (“New France”); kidnapped Donnacona and others.

What was the goal of Cartier’s Third Voyage (1541)?

To establish a colony and find the “Kingdom of Saguenay.”

How did Jacques Cartier influence future exploration?

He laid the foundation for Samuel de Champlain to continue French expansion.

What happened at Port Royal (1605)?

Samuel de Champlain attempted to establish a colony at Port Royal but initially failed.

What was the result of the Port Royal settlement?

Some settlers stayed, became farmers, and the area developed into the colony of Acadia.

New France

It ended after the Seven Years' War

It was a large French colony in North America

Fur trade

It was the main economic activity

It relied on Indigenous partnerships

It led to exploration and expansion

Filles du Roi

They helped grow the population

The king paid their way

They shaped French-Canadian society

Which European country first established colonies in Canada?

France, including settlements like Quebec City in New France.

What types of interactions occurred between Indigenous peoples and Europeans?

Trade (like the fur trade), alliances, and conflicts.

What was the purpose of the Filles du Roi?

Women sent from France to New France to marry settlers and grow the colony’s population.

Who helped strengthen the French presence in early New France?

Leaders like Samuel de Champlain.

Why were alliances with Indigenous peoples important to the French?

For trade, survival skills, and military support.

What key economic activity expanded in New France?

The fur trade.

What happened as Europeans and Indigenous peoples interacted more?

There was both cultural exchange and conflict

What grew as New France developed beyond just exploration?

Settlements and community life became more established.

Who was Pontiac?

Ottawa chief who led Native resistance against the British (1763–1766).

Siege of Fort Detroit?

\Pontiac attacked the fort in 1763 but failed to capture it.

Battle of Bloody Run?
.

British ambushed near Fort Detroit; heavy losses

Battle of Bushy Run?

British won, lifting the siege of Fort Pitt (1763).

fort Michilimackinac?

Strategic fort captured by Native forces at rebellion start.

Significance of Pontiac’s Rebellion?

Showed Native resistance and affected British policies.

What was Fort Pitt?

A British fort at modern Pittsburgh, key in the French & Indian War and Pontiac’s Rebellion.