ARTH FINAL TERMS

What is Romanticism characterized by?

A focus on individualism, an emphasis on nature, emotion over reason, freedom of form, and an exploration of the unknown.

Who were the encyclopedists/philosophes?

Intellectuals, writers, and scientists in 18th-century France who contributed to the Encyclopedia.

What does the term 'the Sublime' describe?

A quality of greatness or grandeur that inspires awe and wonder.

What is Rückenfigur?

A figure from the back, used to evoke longing and invite the viewer into the scene.

What is physiognomy/phrenology?

The practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance, especially the face.

What is a camera lucida?

An optical device used as a drawing aid that projects an optical superimposition of the subject being viewed onto a surface.

What is a Pantograph?

A mechanical device used to copy a drawing or design by duplicating the motion of a tracing pen.

What is Aquatint?

A print resembling a watercolor, produced from a copper plate etched with nitric acid.

What is Mezzotint?

A printmaking technique that uses a metal plate to create images with soft gradations of tone and rich blacks.

What is Lithograph?

A print made from a smooth stone or metal plate where the image is ink-receptive and the blank areas are ink-repellent.

What is a Daguerreotype?

A unique, highly detailed photograph created on a silver-plated copper sheet using a direct-positive process.

What is a Talbotype?

An early photographic process that produces a soft, hazy, and translucent negative image on paper.

What is a cliché verre?

A print made by placing photographic paper beneath a glass plate with a design scratched through an opaque coating.

What characterizes Realism?

An artistic style that depicts reality in an accurate and authentic way.

What is a Flâneur?

A detached observer of modern life who wanders the city and records observations.

What is the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood?

A group formed in 1848 to create a new, realistic, and spiritual style of art.

Who were the Poussinistes?

Artists who believed that drawing was more important than color in painting.

What did the Rubenistes believe?

That color was more important than drawing or design.

What are images d’Epinal?

Prints on popular subjects rendered in bright, sharp colors, sold in France during the 19th century.

What is plein air painting?

The practice of creating artwork outdoors, capturing natural light and scenery.

What was the Salon des Refusés?

An art exhibition held in 1863 for artists whose works were refused by the official Salon.

What is Impressionism?

A style of painting that captures an artist's impression of a subject, focusing on light and movement.

What does Haussmannization refer to?

The urban renewal program in the mid-19th century that modernized Paris.

What is Pointillism/divisionism?

A painting technique using small, distinct dots of color applied in patterns to form an image.

What defines Post-Impressionism?

Anti-academic style emphasizing geometric or distorted forms and unnatural colors.

What is local color?

The natural color of an object under standard lighting conditions.

What are Fauves known for?

Using pure, brilliant color aggressively applied straight from paint tubes.

What is Aestheticism/art for art’s sake?

A late 19th-century movement centered on the belief that art exists solely for beauty's sake.

What is the Vienna Secession?

An art movement beginning in 1897 that aimed to create new progressive art.

What is non-objective art?

Abstract art that does not aim to portray recognizable objects from visible reality.

What is analytic cubism?

The early phase of cubism characterized by a fragmentary appearance of multiple viewpoints.

What is synthetic cubism?

The latter phase of cubism that used simpler shapes, brighter colors, and mixed media.

What is Futurism?

An art movement that celebrated the energy and dynamism of the modern world.

What is Dadaism?

An art movement that protested the horrors of World War I and sought to shock and confuse.

What is Surrealism?

An art movement exploring the unconscious mind to create a 'super-reality.'

What does constructivism/suprematism focus on?

An abstract style using geometric shapes and industrial materials.

What is Collage?

A technique of art involving the arrangement of various materials stuck to a surface.

What was The Armory Show?

The first large exhibition of modern art in America, introducing European Avant-garde.

What is a Readymade?

Art made by taking everyday objects and presenting them as works of art.

What does de Stijl emphasize?

Abstraction, simplicity, geometric forms, and primary colors.

What is Expressionism?

The expression of subjective emotions and inner experiences in art.

What is die Brücke?

A German Expressionist art group that aimed to bridge the present with the future.

What is a found object in art?

Everyday objects repurposed as part of an artistic composition.

What is Neue Sachlichkeit?

A German art movement rejecting Expressionism, focusing on objective reality.

What is The Bauhaus?

A German art school that combined fine arts and crafts and unified art with everyday life.

What is Entartete Kunst?

The label the Nazis applied to modern art they disapproved of.

What is an exquisite corpse?

A Surrealist game where participants create a drawing or sentence without seeing others' contributions.

What does Automatism involve?

Creating art without conscious thought, accessing the unconscious mind.

What is a Photogram?

A camera-less photograph made by placing an object on light-sensitive material.

What is Social Realism?

An art movement that uses realism to critique social and economic hardships.

What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

A government program that employed artists to create public art during the Great Depression.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A period of artistic and cultural activity among African Americans from the 1920s to 1930s.

What was Black Mountain College?

A liberal arts college known for artistic talent without course requirements or grades.

What is abstract expressionism/action painting?

A form of abstract art emphasizing emotional expression through spontaneous techniques.

What is neo-Dada?

An art movement characterized by the use of found objects and a playful tone.

What is Pop art?

Art based on modern popular culture and mass media, critiquing traditional fine art.

What are nouveau réalistes known for?

Incorporating real objects into their work to connect with urban life.

What is the benday dot technique?

A commercial printing method using small dots of color for shading.

What is silkscreen/screenprint?

A sophisticated stenciling technique for surface printing.

What does The Factory refer to?

Andy Warhol's NYC studio known for collaborative art production.

What is Arte Povera?

'Poor art' exploring a variety of materials beyond traditional mediums.

What is Fluxus?

An art movement characterized by experimental forms and interdisciplinary practices.

What is Minimalism?

An extreme form of abstract art based on simple shapes and geometric forms.

What is conceptual art?

Art where the concept behind the work is more important than the finished product.

What is Neo-Expressionism?

A revival of Expressionism emphasizing intense emotions and rough materials.

What is Post-modernism?

A reaction against modernism characterized by eclectic mixing of styles.

What is relational aesthetics?

An art theory emphasizing social interactions created by art.

What is a digital image?

Art that uses digital tools and engages with digital technologies.

What is Decolonization in art?

The process of reclaiming and revitalizing indigenous art practices suppressed during colonial rule.