normal ranges for each vital sign & potential reasons for a deviation from normal values
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32 Terms
Where does hypertension occur?
When blood pressure remains above normal for a sustained period
What is the significance of hypertension?
Leading cause of cardiovascular disease due to long‑term organ damage
Where does primary hypertension originate?
From no identifiable cause
What is its significance?
Accounts for most hypertension cases
Where does secondary hypertension originate?
From an identifiable underlying condition
What is its significance?
Caused by renal disease, endocrine disorders, medications
Where is a single elevated BP reading interpreted?
Within clinical context
What is its significance?
One high reading does not diagnose hypertension
Where does severe hypertension occur?
When systolic BP ≥ 200 mmHg
What is its significance?
Medical emergency causing headache, chest pain, dyspnoea
Where does hypotension occur?
When BP is consistently below normal (≥40 mmHg below baseline or SBP ≤ 90 mmHg)
What is the significance?
May impair perfusion and cause symptoms
Where do most causes of hypotension originate?
From pathology such as haemorrhage, vasodilation, medications, heart failure
What is the significance?
Requires identification and treatment of underlying cause
Where do hypotension symptoms occur?
Throughout the CNS and cardiovascular system
What is their significance?
Include dizziness, diaphoresis, confusion, blurred vision, tachycardia
Where does orthostatic hypotension occur?
When BP drops upon rising to an upright position
What is the significance?
Causes weakness, fainting, and increases fall risk
Where does postural hypotension originate?
From peripheral vasodilation without compensatory cardiac output increase
What is the significance?
Common in elderly and those on antihypertensives
Where are abnormal orthostatic findings defined?
By ↑ pulse ≥ 40 bpm or ↓ systolic BP ≥ 30 mmHg
What is the significance?
Indicates impaired autonomic compensation
Where is orthostatic hypotension assessment performed?
Across lying, sitting, and standing positions
What is the function?
Detects BP instability with posture changes
Where does the assessment begin?
With the patient lying supine for 3–5 minutes
What is the significance?
Establishes baseline BP and pulse
Where is the second measurement taken?
After sitting upright for 1 minute
What is the significance?
Assesses initial postural response
Where is the third measurement taken?
After standing for 1 minute
What is the significance?
Identifies orthostatic BP and pulse changes
Where are findings recorded?
In the patient’s chart
What is the significance?
Supports clinical decision‑making and escalation