History semester exam

Who was the individual responsible for the start of Islam?

Muhammad

holy book of islam

Q’uran

5 pillars of Islam

• faith

• prayer

• alms

• fasting

• pilgrimage

Muslim empire established by Osman

The Ottoman Empire

reasons Suleyman was given the title "The Magnificent/ the Law Giver”

• condemned imprisonment without a trail

• established a systematic government structure for the vast empire

• CREATED BALANCED BUDGETS FOR GOV

• Improved the lives of peasants

causes of cultural blending

• Migration 

• Pursuit of religious freedom or conversion

• Trade

• Conquest 

way of life of the Mongols (before Mongol Empire)

• Nomadic, animism, pastoralists

• Lived on the Steppes in Central Asia

• violent- would raid neighboring villages and steal

Ghengis Kahns og name

Temujin

what geographic feature contributed to the economic development of early Korean dynasties?

korea’s PENINSULA ( long coastline )

aspects Korean dynasties adopted from neighboring Chinese dynasties

• Chinese religion; Confucianism & Buddhism

• Chinese writing

• Chinese political institutions

• Chinese Agricultural methods

the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Charlemagne

Which practice, banned by Pope Gregory VII, was banned in response to church officials’ questions regarding legitimacy and the power of European monarchs?

Lay Investiture

What was the original purpose of the Crusades that took place in the 11th century?

• RECLAIM JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY LAND FROM MUSLIM CONTROL

  (motivation: to fight for Christ, go to heaven/save themselves from hell, fame & fortune, spiritual salvation

effects of the crusades

• Women had more opportunities outside of the home

• Trade expanded

• Lessened the power of the pope

• Weakened feudal nobility

• Increased power of kings

• Weakened the Byzantine Empire

What is the name of the event in which Eastern and Western churches split?

The Great Schism

impacts of the Hundred Years war

• Nationalism

• Strengthened the king's power

• weakened nobles/ feudal Lords’ power

• Set the foundation for Columbus’s journey

Which African civilization was the first to smelt iron?

Nok

Which of the following religions was most common in early African civilizations?

Animism

What religious practice was common within the Aztec civilization meant to please the sun god, Huitzilopochtli?

Human Sacrifice

What agricultural innovation assisted the Incan Empire with farming in the Andes Mountains?

Terrace Farming

the Renaissance philosophy known as humanism :

thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

From which early civilizations did Renaissance thinkers find inspiration for their ideas, artwork, and architecture?

Greek and Roman

Which of the following best describes the political makeup of Italy during the Renaissance?

City-states, governed independently (by nobles)

How was Leonardo Da Vinci a reniassance man?

he was well-rounded/talented in many areas: Painting, sculpting, inventing, science, math

What was different between Italy and other northern European nations in regards to humanist ideas during the Renaissance?

• Italy- humanism

• Northern Europe- Christian humanism (reforms of society & education)

What was the primary church practice that led Martin Luther to write his 95 Theses and post them to the castle church in Wittenberg?

The sale of indulgences

What treaty enabled German princes to choose the religion of their respective states?

The Peace of Augsburg

What was the name of the church, established by Henry VIII, which separated from the Catholic church in England?

Anglican church

a new religious belief established by John Calvin

Predestination

doctrines established by the Catholic church at the Council of Trent

• The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final

• Christians needed faith and good works for salvation

• The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life

• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but the selling of indulgences was banned

What did the Catholic church call in response to increasing Protestantism within Europe?

Counter-Reformation

Which empire, founded by Babur, was established in India as a Muslim empire?

Mughal

characteristics of Akbar’s reign within his empire

• religious tolerance

• administrative improvements

• military expansion

• support for the arts

• economic policies

• Cultural blending

What nation was the first to establish sea-based trade routes between Europe and Asia?

Portugal

technologies that were helpful in sea-based trade between Europe and Asia 

•  Caravel (vessel)

• Astrolabe

• Magnetic compass

• 16-point wind rose

Which of the following countries formed a joint-stock company that assisted in developing trade between their country and the East Indies?

The Netherlands/The Dutch - Dutch East India Company

Which dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and reestablished ethnic Chinese rule within China?

The Ming Dynasty

What was the name of local feudal lords within Japan during the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate?

Daimyo

Which European nation was allowed to continue trading with Japan despite its policies of Isolation?

Netherlands/Dutch

Which European nation did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas on behalf of?

Spain

What was the name of the forced labor system that was initially used in Spanish colonies?

Encomienda

motivating factors for European nations to use African slaves in their American colonies

•  immune to many diseases natives were dying of

• they were skilled farmers

• they had a distinct skin color different from all the other non-slaves in America

• they were unfamiliar with America and were therefore less likely to escape

What was the name of the network that was established between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in which many goods were exchanged?

Triangular Trade

goods that were sent from the Americas to Europe as a result of the Columbian Exchange

• Plants/food; tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao beans, corn, potatoes

• Animals; turkey

What was the motivation behind the adoption of Mercantilism as an economic philosophy for European nations and their colonies?

Mercantilism was a way European countries tried to get richer and more powerful by:

- controlling trade

- building colonies for resources

- protecting their own industries 

- exporting more than importing

- collecting precious metals.

How did many monarchs in Europe justify their Absolute rule?

Divine Right

characteristics of Philip II’s rule in Spain

• Strong Catholicism

• Centralized power

• Expansion of Spanish empire

• Economic challenges; high inflation

• Cultural achievement; Golden Age of Spanish Art and Lit

• (Launched spanish armada to punish Protestant England and its queen)

Which territory of the Spanish Empire revolted against Philip II and created a republican form of government

the Dutch Republic

What event was the primary trigger for the Thirty Years’ War?

The Window-Throwing Incident in Prague

What was a primary cause of the English Civil war?

King Charles I and Parliament couldn't agree on how the country should be run, leading to conflicts over power, money, and RELIGION.

the Bill of Rights said that a ruler could not:

• No suspending of Parliament’s laws

• No levying of taxes without a specific grant from parliament

• No interfering with freedom of speech in parliament

• No penalizing a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

What was the name given to the group of officials that was established to mediate between the English monarchy and Parliament?

 The Cabinet

What was the primary focus of the Scientific Revolution?

A new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

What is the name of the process that was developed during the Scientific Revolution that assisted scholars in conducting research and drawing new conclusions?

The Scientific Method

What was the name of the agreement, developed by Thomas Hobbes, that existed between a government and its citizens?

The Social Contract

the core elements of the philosophes’ beliefs during the enlightenment

• Reason

• Happiness

• Progress

• Nature

• Liberty

What was the artistic style that developed during the Enlightenment?

Neoclassical

What was the name of the political and social system in France before the French Revolution?

Old Regime

the groups that made up the Estates in France before the French Revolution

1st Estate: clergy

2nd Estate: rich nobles

3rd Estate: bourgeoisie, urban lower class, peasant farmers

Which of the following groups was most inspired by Enlightenment ideas in pre-revolutionary France?

3rd Estate/ bourgeoisie/lower class & peasants

What was the result of the women’s march on Versailles during the great fear?

• Rumors circulated that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants

• Peasants armed with pitchforks broke into nobles’ manor houses and destroyed the old legal papers that bound them to pay feudal dues

By what means did Napoleon Bonaparte come to power in France? 

• Respected reputation as a military leader

• Allies also helped him overthrow 

reforms included in the Napoleonic Code

• Limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights

  • Freedom of speech and press restricted under a code

  • Restored slavery in the Caribbean

primary cause of the decline of Napoleon’s Empire?

• overextension of empire: maintaining control over such a vast territory became challenging

• Napoleon's Continental System (an attempt to economically isolate Britain by putting a trade blockade on the European continent) hurt the economies of many European nations

• Defeat at Waterloo: the final defeat for Napoleon, led to his abdication and exile to the remote island of Saint Helena.

• Rise of nationalism: caused ppl to resist french rule and fight for independence

What was the primary goal of the congress of Vienna?

restore stability and balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars 

God of Islam

Allah

journey of Muhammad and his followers, became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

Hijrah

branch of islam that believed that the community should choose its leader through election, leading to the selection of the first four caliphs

sunni

branch of islam that believed that leadership should have remained within the family of the Prophet, starting with Ali

Shi’a

Muslim religious warrior

Ghazi

a system where Christian boys from the conquered territories were taken and converted to Islam to serve in the government or military.

Devshirme system

the military that was created by the devshirme system - Christian boys converted to Islam to serve

Janissary

Pax Mongolica

Mongol Peace

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Shogun

a society in which people use lineages, or families whose members are descended from a common ancestor, to govern themselves

Stateless society

Patrilineal

heritage traced through the father

Matrilineal

heritage traced through the mother

a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa.

Griot

black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava

Obsidian

Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god

Quetzalcoatl

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

Pachacuti

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

Quipu

The body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church

canon law

Lay Investiture

The appointment of church officials by kings and nobles

simony

the buying and selling of church offices

English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life

John Wycliffe

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages.

• killed 1/3 of the population

• helped end Feudalism.

Bubonic plague

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Joan of Arc

secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

person who provides financial support for the arts

patron

perspective

point of view

imagined place where everything is perfect

utopia

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

vernacular

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

skepticism

To declare that a person or group no longer belongs to a church

excommunicate

annul

reduce to nothing - make ineffective

monotheistic religion during the Mughal empire - emphasized principles of equality, selfless service, and devotion to the one formless god

Sikh

a famous white marble mausoleum in Agra, India, built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, known for its stunning architecture and considered a symbol of love.

Taj Mahal

akbar

3rd Mughal emperor - golden age, known for his:

• administrative reforms

• cultural advancements

• religious tolerance

Aurangzeb

6th Mughal emperor - known for:

• his strict and conservative policies, including the imposition of Islamic law and increased taxation