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Who was the individual responsible for the start of Islam?
Muhammad
holy book of islam
Q’uran
5 pillars of Islam
faith
prayer
alms
fasting
pilgrimage
Muslim empire established by Osman
The Ottoman Empire
reasons Suleyman was given the title "The Magnificent/ the Law Giver”
condemned imprisonment without a trail
established a systematic government structure for the vast empire
CREATED BALANCED BUDGETS FOR GOV
Improved the lives of peasants
causes of cultural blending
Migration
Pursuit of religious freedom or conversion
Trade
Conquest
way of life of the Mongols (before Mongol Empire)
Nomadic, animism, pastoralists
Lived on the Steppes in Central Asia
violent- would raid neighboring villages and steal
Ghengis Kahns og name
Temujin
what geographic feature contributed to the economic development of early Korean dynasties?
korea’s PENINSULA ( long coastline )
aspects Korean dynasties adopted from neighboring Chinese dynasties
Chinese religion; Confucianism & Buddhism
Chinese writing
Chinese political institutions
Chinese Agricultural methods
the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne
Which practice, banned by Pope Gregory VII, was banned in response to church officials’ questions regarding legitimacy and the power of European monarchs?
Lay Investiture
What was the original purpose of the Crusades that took place in the 11th century?
RECLAIM JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY LAND FROM MUSLIM CONTROL
(motivation: to fight for Christ, go to heaven/save themselves from hell, fame & fortune, spiritual salvation
effects of the crusades
Women had more opportunities outside of the home
Trade expanded
Lessened the power of the pope
Weakened feudal nobility
Increased power of kings
Weakened the Byzantine Empire
What is the name of the event in which Eastern and Western churches split?
The Great Schism
impacts of the Hundred Years war
Nationalism
Strengthened the king's power
weakened nobles/ feudal Lords’ power
Set the foundation for Columbus’s journey
Which African civilization was the first to smelt iron?
Nok
Which of the following religions was most common in early African civilizations?
Animism
What religious practice was common within the Aztec civilization meant to please the sun god, Huitzilopochtli?
Human Sacrifice
What agricultural innovation assisted the Incan Empire with farming in the Andes Mountains?
Terrace Farming
the Renaissance philosophy known as humanism :
thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
From which early civilizations did Renaissance thinkers find inspiration for their ideas, artwork, and architecture?
Greek and Roman
Which of the following best describes the political makeup of Italy during the Renaissance?
City-states, governed independently (by nobles)
How was Leonardo Da Vinci a reniassance man?
he was well-rounded/talented in many areas: Painting, sculpting, inventing, science, math
What was different between Italy and other northern European nations in regards to humanist ideas during the Renaissance?
Italy- humanism
Northern Europe- Christian humanism (reforms of society & education)
What was the primary church practice that led Martin Luther to write his 95 Theses and post them to the castle church in Wittenberg?
The sale of indulgences
What treaty enabled German princes to choose the religion of their respective states?
The Peace of Augsburg
What was the name of the church, established by Henry VIII, which separated from the Catholic church in England?
Anglican church
a new religious belief established by John Calvin
Predestination
doctrines established by the Catholic church at the Council of Trent
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
Christians needed faith and good works for salvation
The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but the selling of indulgences was banned
What did the Catholic church call in response to increasing Protestantism within Europe?
Counter-Reformation
Which empire, founded by Babur, was established in India as a Muslim empire?
Mughal
characteristics of Akbar’s reign within his empire
religious tolerance
administrative improvements
military expansion
support for the arts
economic policies
Cultural blending
What nation was the first to establish sea-based trade routes between Europe and Asia?
Portugal
technologies that were helpful in sea-based trade between Europe and Asia
Caravel (vessel)
Astrolabe
Magnetic compass
16-point wind rose
Which of the following countries formed a joint-stock company that assisted in developing trade between their country and the East Indies?
The Netherlands/The Dutch - Dutch East India Company
Which dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and reestablished ethnic Chinese rule within China?
The Ming Dynasty
What was the name of local feudal lords within Japan during the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Daimyo
Which European nation was allowed to continue trading with Japan despite its policies of Isolation?
Netherlands/Dutch
Which European nation did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas on behalf of?
Spain
What was the name of the forced labor system that was initially used in Spanish colonies?
Encomienda
motivating factors for European nations to use African slaves in their American colonies
immune to many diseases natives were dying of
they were skilled farmers
they had a distinct skin color different from all the other non-slaves in America
they were unfamiliar with America and were therefore less likely to escape
What was the name of the network that was established between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in which many goods were exchanged?
Triangular Trade
goods that were sent from the Americas to Europe as a result of the Columbian Exchange
Plants/food; tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao beans, corn, potatoes
Animals; turkey
What was the motivation behind the adoption of Mercantilism as an economic philosophy for European nations and their colonies?
Mercantilism was a way European countries tried to get richer and more powerful by:
- controlling trade
- building colonies for resources
- protecting their own industries
- exporting more than importing
- collecting precious metals.
How did many monarchs in Europe justify their Absolute rule?
Divine Right
characteristics of Philip II’s rule in Spain
Strong Catholicism
Centralized power
Expansion of Spanish empire
Economic challenges; high inflation
Cultural achievement; Golden Age of Spanish Art and Lit
(Launched spanish armada to punish Protestant England and its queen)
Which territory of the Spanish Empire revolted against Philip II and created a republican form of government
the Dutch Republic
What event was the primary trigger for the Thirty Years’ War?
The Window-Throwing Incident in Prague
What was a primary cause of the English Civil war?
King Charles I and Parliament couldn't agree on how the country should be run, leading to conflicts over power, money, and RELIGION.
the Bill of Rights said that a ruler could not:
No suspending of Parliament’s laws
No levying of taxes without a specific grant from parliament
No interfering with freedom of speech in parliament
No penalizing a citizen who petitions the king about grievances
What was the name given to the group of officials that was established to mediate between the English monarchy and Parliament?
The Cabinet
What was the primary focus of the Scientific Revolution?
A new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
What is the name of the process that was developed during the Scientific Revolution that assisted scholars in conducting research and drawing new conclusions?
The Scientific Method
What was the name of the agreement, developed by Thomas Hobbes, that existed between a government and its citizens?
The Social Contract
the core elements of the philosophes’ beliefs during the enlightenment
Reason
Happiness
Progress
Nature
Liberty
What was the artistic style that developed during the Enlightenment?
Neoclassical
What was the name of the political and social system in France before the French Revolution?
Old Regime
the groups that made up the Estates in France before the French Revolution
1st Estate: clergy
2nd Estate: rich nobles
3rd Estate: bourgeoisie, urban lower class, peasant farmers
Which of the following groups was most inspired by Enlightenment ideas in pre-revolutionary France?
3rd Estate/ bourgeoisie/lower class & peasants
What was the result of the women’s march on Versailles during the great fear?
Rumors circulated that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants
Peasants armed with pitchforks broke into nobles’ manor houses and destroyed the old legal papers that bound them to pay feudal dues
By what means did Napoleon Bonaparte come to power in France?
Respected reputation as a military leader
Allies also helped him overthrow
reforms included in the Napoleonic Code
Limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights
Freedom of speech and press restricted under a code
Restored slavery in the Caribbean
primary cause of the decline of Napoleon’s Empire?
overextension of empire: maintaining control over such a vast territory became challenging
Napoleon's Continental System (an attempt to economically isolate Britain by putting a trade blockade on the European continent) hurt the economies of many European nations
Defeat at Waterloo: the final defeat for Napoleon, led to his abdication and exile to the remote island of Saint Helena.
Rise of nationalism: caused ppl to resist french rule and fight for independence
What was the primary goal of the congress of Vienna?
restore stability and balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars
God of Islam
Allah
journey of Muhammad and his followers, became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam
Hijrah
branch of islam that believed that the community should choose its leader through election, leading to the selection of the first four caliphs
sunni
branch of islam that believed that leadership should have remained within the family of the Prophet, starting with Ali
Shi’a
Muslim religious warrior
Ghazi
a system where Christian boys from the conquered territories were taken and converted to Islam to serve in the government or military.
Devshirme system
the military that was created by the devshirme system - Christian boys converted to Islam to serve
Janissary
Pax Mongolica
Mongol Peace
In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.
Shogun
a society in which people use lineages, or families whose members are descended from a common ancestor, to govern themselves
Stateless society
Patrilineal
heritage traced through the father
Matrilineal
heritage traced through the mother
a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa.
Griot
black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava
Obsidian
Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god
Quetzalcoatl
Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca
Pachacuti
An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.
Quipu
The body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church
canon law
Lay Investiture
The appointment of church officials by kings and nobles
simony
the buying and selling of church offices
English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life
John Wycliffe
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages.
killed 1/3 of the population
helped end Feudalism.
Bubonic plague
French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king
Joan of Arc
secular
concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
person who provides financial support for the arts
patron
perspective
point of view
imagined place where everything is perfect
utopia
the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.
vernacular
A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.
skepticism
To declare that a person or group no longer belongs to a church
excommunicate
annul
reduce to nothing - make ineffective
monotheistic religion during the Mughal empire - emphasized principles of equality, selfless service, and devotion to the one formless god
Sikh
a famous white marble mausoleum in Agra, India, built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, known for its stunning architecture and considered a symbol of love.
Taj Mahal
akbar
3rd Mughal emperor - golden age, known for his:
administrative reforms
cultural advancements
religious tolerance
Aurangzeb
6th Mughal emperor - known for:
his strict and conservative policies, including the imposition of Islamic law and increased taxation