Europe Monarchies

Its from the packet chapter 17 terms

Charles V:

One of the most powerful rulers in Europe during the 1500’s because he controlled a huge Hapsburg empire. He spent much of his rain fighting to keep Europe catholic, but Protestantism continued to spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire before retiring Charles V gave half his empire to his son Phillip II and half of his power to his brother Ferdinand II.

Hapsburg family split:

After Charles V distributed his power this created two separate lineages of Hapsburgs. One lineage was based in Spain and this was under his son king Phillip II’s rule, while the other Hapsburg lineage was based in Austria under the rule of Ferdinand II .

Phillip II:

Phillip II was a powerful king who strongly supported Catholicism and expanded Spanish influence. He became famous for when he lost the Spanish Armada which marked the decline of Spanish dominance in Europe

Escorial:

Center of Phillip II”s government and showed the strength of Spain and the catholic church. This building was built 28 miles away from present day Madrid and it reflected Phillips strict, religious personality and power of the Spanish Hapsburgs.

Absolute Monarch:

An absolute monarch had complete control over the state and believed they were chosen by god to rule. Louis XIV is the greatest example of this.

Divine rights of kings:

Was the idea that monarchs were chosen by god to rule, this belief helped monarchs gain and keep total power in Europe.

Sea Beggars:

Dutch protestant rebels who fought against Spanish in the Netherlands, they supported the Dutch revolt against Philip and the Spanish Hapsburgs. And helped Dutch and Netherlands gain independence from Spain.

Sea Dogs;

Were English sailors/privateers who raided Spanish ships during the rivalry between England and Spain. They helped England challenge Spanish at sea and the sea dogs were led by Queen Elizabeth I.

Spanish Armada:

huge Spanish fleet sent by Phillip II to invade England. Spain wanted to overthrow protestant Queen Elizabeth I and restore catholicism. This attempt failed and marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish power and the rise of England as a major naval power.

Protestant WInd:

Refers to the strong storms that helped England defeat the Spanish armada. Many people believed the victory showed how god supported Protestant England over Catholic Spain.

El Greco:

was a spanish renaissance painter known for emotional religious artworks and unique painting style. His work reflected the strong catholic culture of Spain.

Lope de Vaga:

Was an important Spanish playwright whose writings became a major part of Spains golden age culture. He helped shape Spanish literature ad theater with hundreds of popular plays.

Miguel de Cervantes:

Spanish authorities who wrote Don Quixote which helped shape modern European literature.

Don Quixote:

Book written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes that makes fun of medieval nights and chivalry.

St Bartholomew’s day Massacre:

Mass killing of French protestants (Huguenots) that took place in Paris and spread across France. Thousands of hugouents were killed by catholics and increased hatred and conflict between catholics and protestants only grew.

Huguenot:

French protestant that were severely persecuted from catholics in France, caused years of violence and civil war.

Edict of Nantes:

Issued by Henry IV of France and granted religious freedom to Huguenots. Which granted Huguenots freedom to worship and hold public office in some places.

Herny VI:

Was the first of his house, Bourbon and was originally a huegenot and converted to catholicism to gain support and become king. Helped end the French wars of religion and restore stability to France by strengthening the economy.

Cardinal Richelieu:

Chief minister to Louis XIII of France was was a shitty ruler. He weakened the power of nobles and huegonots and increased centralized government control in France. Involved France in the thirty years war against the Hapsburgs. And changed the country of France in 2 main ways:

1. He made it so Protestant cities didn’t have walls

2. He limited Spanish Hapsburg rule by initiating the thirty years war.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin:

Chief minister after Richelieu and advisor to young Louis XIV. Continoud Richelius policies of strengthening royal power and helped France win the thirty years war.

The Fronde:

A rebellion by French nobles against the monarch and cardinal Mazarin. Its failure made Louis XIV control nobles closely and strengthen the absolute monarch role even more.

“L’etat c’est moi” = I am the state was said by…

Quote said by Louis XIV that represents belief that the monarch and the government were basically the same thing, and became a symbol of Louis XIV’s absolute power

Versailles:

Huge palace built by Louis XIV near Paris, Louis moved the royal court there and the extremely luxurious palace let Louis XIV control nobles by making everything a popularity contest.

Louis XIV:

Ruled france for over 70 years and became the most famous absolute monarch in European history. He strengthened royal authority, weakened nobles, and made France a major European power although his spending later hurt the economy.

The Sun king:

The nickname for Louis XIV and reflected his belief in absolute monarchy. The title showed how powerful and dominant he wanted France and Europe to see him.

Levee:

was a part of Louis XIV’s strategy to keep nobles focused in pleasing him instead of gaining political power. It was a daily ceremony where Louis XIV woke up and got dressed infant of nobles.

Jean Baptiste Colbert:

Finance minister under Louis XIV who supported mercantilism to strengthen France’s economy. He reduced imports and increased exports to bring wealth into France.

Jean Racine:

Was of of the greatest French playwrights French classical theater. His works reflected the cultural strength and sophistication of France during the age of Louis XIV.

Moliere:

France’s greatest comedic playwright and used humor to criticize society and hypocrisy. Known for plays like Tartuttle and The Miser.

Balance of Power:

A major principle European politics where countries worked together to stop any nation from becoming to dominant.

The War of Spanish Succession:

War fought after the Spanish king died without an heir. France supported Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, England, Austria, and other countries fought to maintain the balance of power so France and Spain woildn’t unite the Bourborns lineages. As a result the treaty of Utrecht was formed and Philip V got the throne.

“After us the deluge” = Apres Nous le deluge

said by Louis XV which means future problems did not matter as long as life was good in the present.

The Stuarts:

Royal dynasty that struggled against Parliament for control of England, their belief in absolute monarchy led to major political conflict and war.

James I:

First Stuart king of England and believed strongly in divine rights of kings, this conflict with parliament helped create tensions that later led to the English civil war

Charles I;

Son of James I and Stuart king of England, believed in divine right and absolute monarchy, frequently clashed with parliament over taxes and power, he tried to rule without Parliament but eventually was defeated by Parliaments forces and executed.

Petition of Right:

Document signed by Charles I and Parliament demanded limits on the kings power. Said the king could not raise taxes without parliaments approval, protected citizens from unlawful impriosnament and challenged the idea of an absolute monarchy in England.

Long Parliament:

Parliament called by Charles I that tried to limit the kings power and increase Parliaments authority.

Cavalier:

Supporters of King Charles I during the English civil war, many nobles and wealthy people. Eventually defeated by Parliaments new model army.

Roundhead:

Supported parliament and wanted to limit the kings power. There victory over Charles I helped increase the power of parliament in England.

Oliver Cromwell:

Leader of the roundheads who helped parliament defeat Charles I during the English civil war. He eventually ruled England with strong, absolute monarchy himself.

New Model Army:

Was parliaments highly organized military force that defeated the kings army. Its success helped e d the power struggle in favor of parliament.

The Common Wealth:

Period where England was ruled without a monarch after the English civil war. Although it began as a public, Cromwell eventually ruled with strong military authority.

Levellers:

Were a reform group that pushed for more political equality and right for ordinary people in England. There ideas later influenced many democratic movements.

Puritans:

Strict English protestants. They played a major role in the English civil and and the rise of parliaments power.

Lord Protector:

Tittle Oliver Cromwell gave himself, even though Cromwell ruled with absolute power similar to the kings and didn’t care about his citizens that much.

Restoration:

Return of the English monarchy after the rule of Cromwell, Charles II became king, but the power struggled between the king and parliament continued.

Glorious Revolution:

Peaceful overthrow of James II that greatly limited the power of the English Monarchy, it increased parliaments authority ad William and Mary became rulers of England.

Habeas Corpus:

Legal principle where a person must be brought before a court before being jailed, protected against unlawful imprisonemnt by the government. Strengthened invidivdul rights in England and limited the power of the monarchy.

Toleration Act of 1689:

English law passed after the glrouis revolution and expanded religious freedom for many protestants in England.

Limited Monarchy:

Is a system where the rule cannot govern with total power. England became a limited Monarchy after Parliament gained more authority over the king and queen. English bill of rights and glorious revoution helped establish the limited monarchy.

William and Mary:

Invited by Parliament to replace James II, they replaced the English bill of rights, their rule helped strengthen parliaments in authority in England.

The thirty years war:

Began as a religious conflict but became a political struggle for power in Europe. Started as catholics vs. Protestants and started after protestant nobles in bohemia rebelled against the catholic Hapsburg empire. The catholic Hapsburg side consisted of Austria (Austrian Hapsburgs), Spain (Spanish Hapsburgs), and many catholic German states. The other side was the protestants and was protestant German states, Denmark, Sweden, and the netherlands (Dutch).

Deforestation of Prague:

Event in 1618 that helped start the thirty years war. Protestant nobles In Bohemia threw two catholic Hapsburg officials out of a large window in Prague.

Mercenary:

Were hired soldiers who fought for payment rather than loyalty to country. During wars like the thirty years war, they often increased violence and destruction across Europe.

Depopulation:

was one of the worst effects of the thirty year war many German states suffered from depopulation. Depopulation was the increase in stuff like fighting, disease, famine that reduced the population and left Europe economically weakened for years.

Peace of Westphalia:

Ended the thirty years war and reshaped European politics. It weakened th Holy Roman Empire and increased the independence of individual European states.

Pragmatic sanction:

Law issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 that stated his daughter Maria Theresa could inherit the Hapsburg lands. Many European powers challenged her rule after her father died causing many wars to come.

Maria Theresa;

Became ruler because of pragmatic sanction. Although she tossed Silesia to Prussia, she strengthened Austria and remained a powerful ruler.

Prussia:

Powerful German state in northern Central Europe, ruled by the hogenzollen dynasty and was the rival of Austria in the 1700s.

Frederick the Great:

Prussian ruler who seized siliseia from Austria during the Austrian war of succession. Fought Maria Theresa and helped make Prussia a European powerhouse.

Oprichmiki:

Were Ivan the terrible brutal secret police force used to control Russia and weaken nobles, they help increase the power of the czar through fear and violence.

Boyar:

Were the wealthy noble class in Russia who traditionally held a lot of power. Russian Czars weakened the boyars in order to strengthen absolute monarchy.

Peter the Great:

Russian Czar and westernized Russia. Went on the “grand embassy” which was a “secret” travel around the Western Europe. He reduced the power of nobles and built St. Petersburg as Russia’s “window to the west”

Westernization:

Was the effort to make Russia more like countries in Western Europe. Peter the Grear used westernization to strengthen and modernize Russia.

Beard Tax:

Tax created by Peter the Great where men had to pay money if they wanted to keep there beards, Peter believed beards were old fashioned and not western enough.

Warm Water Port:

Were extremely important because they allowed ships to operate all year. Russia’s search for warm water ports helped drive expansion and modernization under Peter the Great. Warm water ports were ports that remained free of ice all year so they were able to access all year.

War with Sweden:

Peter the Greats search for a warm water port resulted in the great northern war helped Russia expand westward and gain access to the Baltic Sea which was a warm water port.

St Petersburg:

City founded by Peter the Great that was built on the Baltic Sea.The city became a power of Russia’s growing power and westernization.

Catherine the Great:

Ruled after Peter the Great and helped expand and modernize Russia while strengthening absolute monarchy. Under her rule, nobles gained more priviaelgws to keep support from the upper class.

Peter III:

Husband of Catherine the Great and became ruler briefly but he was overthrown in a coup led by Catherine the great. He was VERY unpopular.

Partition of Poland:

Occurred when Russia, Prussia, and Austria split Poland among themselves, Poland disappears from the map of Europe for over 100 years and this partition was mainly led by Catherine the great.