Vibha Anand, Metabolic reactions PBS

What are the two main types of metabolic reactions?

catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions.

What are catabolic reactions

metabolic pathways that break down molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.

What is an oxidation reaction?

chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons, typically involving the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen

What are anabolic reactions?

metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

What is a reduction reaction?

chemical reaction in which a substance gains electrons, typically involving the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen.

What are enzymes?

biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.

What is the lock and key theory of enzyme action?

that the enzyme's active site (the 'lock') is specifically shaped to fit a particular substrate (the 'key'), allowing a reaction to occur.

What is a substrate?

reactant on which an enzyme works, undergoing a chemical change during the enzymatic reaction.

What is a product?

substance that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction.

How are enzymes named?

by adding the suffix '-ase' to the name of the substrate they act on or by describing the type of reaction they catalyze.

What are coenzymes?

organic non-protein molecules that bind to enzymes and assist in enzyme activity, usually by transporting chemical groups.

Why are coenzymes required in the diet?

because they play crucial roles in metabolic reactions and cannot be synthesized by the body.

What are minerals?

inorganic nutrients that are essential for various physiological functions in the body, such as bone health and enzyme function.

What are vitamins?

organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for various metabolic processes and must be obtained from the diet.

What does micronutrient mean?

A chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.

What is the function of calcium?

Essential for bone and tooth structure, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.

What is the function of phosphates?

Key component of bones, teeth, ATP (energy currency), DNA, RNA, and cell membranes.

What is the function of potassium and sodium?

Maintain fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle function (electrolyte balance).

What is the function of chloride?

Maintains fluid balance and is a component of stomach acid (HCl).

What is the function of iron?

Essential component of hemoglobin for oxygen transport in red blood cells.

What is anemia?

A condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in weariness.

What is the function of iodine?

Necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.

What is the coenzyme for zinc?

Zinc is a cofactor for numerous enzymes (e.g., carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase).

What is the function of magnesium, copper, manganese, nickel, and molybdenum?

They act as cofactors for various enzymes involved in metabolism, bone formation, and antioxidant defense systems.

What are fat soluble vitamins?

soluble in lipids - Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

What is the function of vitamin A?

Essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth.

What is vitamin A deficiency known as?

Night blindness (early symptom), xerophthalmia (severe cases).

What is the function of vitamin D?

Promotes calcium absorption and helps maintain proper bone health.

What is vitamin D deficiency known as?

Rickets (in children) or osteomalacia (in adults).

What is the function of vitamin E?

Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage.

What is vitamin E deficiency known as?

Ataxia/vitamin E deficiency syndrome can cause nerve and muscle damage (neuropathy, myopathy).

What is the function of vitamin K?

Essential for blood clotting (coagulation) processes.

What is the deficiency of vitamin K known as?

Excessive bleeding or hemorrhage.

What are water soluble vitamins?

Vitamins C and the B complex vitamins.

What is the function of vitamin C?

Antioxidant; essential for collagen synthesis, immune function, and iron absorption.

What is Vitamin C deficiency known as?

Scurvy

What are three examples of B complex vitamins?

Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Cobalamin (B12), Folate (B9), Biotin (B7), Pantothenic acid (B5).

What are the functions of B complex vitamins?

Act as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways, primarily energy production.

What does deficiency mean?

A lack or shortage of a substance essential for health and well-being.

What are enzyme inhibitors? 

They prevent the substrate from attaching to the enzyme

What is cyanide? 

Poison that inhibits an enzyme in cellular resp

What is arsenic? 

Poison that inhibits an enzyme in cellular resp

What are insecticides? 

interfere with an enzyme in the nervous system

What are antibiotics? 

interfere with bacterial enzyme

How are enzymes denatured? 

temp, pH, heavy metals

What is photosynthesis? 

The process where plant cells take sunlight and convert it into glucose

What is cellular respiration? 

production of ATP from glucose

What is the first law of energy? 

energy is not created or destroyed, it only can be converted to different forms

What is the second law of energy? 

whenever energy is converted, some energy is released as heat (entropy)