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First power source of the Industrial Revolution

Water power, followed by coal and the steam engine.

First industry affected by the Industrial Revolution

The textile (clothing/fabric) industry.

Adam Smith

Father of modern capitalism; wrote "The Wealth of Nations" advocating for free markets.

Karl Marx

Father of communism; believed the working class would overthrow business owners.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile secrets to the US.

Jethro Tull

Invented the seed drill, revolutionizing agriculture.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin and popularized interchangeable parts.

James Watt

Improved the steam engine to power factories anywhere.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Henry Ford

Revolutionized manufacturing by using the assembly line.

Thomas Edison

Invented the practical lightbulb, phonograph, and motion pictures.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone.

Charles Darwin

Developed the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Cause of Irish mass starvation (mid-1800s)

The Irish Potato Famine (a blight wiped out the main food source).

Constitutional monarchy

A government where a king or queen's power is limited by a constitution.

"The sun never sets on the British Empire"

Meaning Britain had colonies worldwide, so it was always daylight somewhere.

Original British use of Australia

Established as a penal colony (for convicts/prisoners).

Main motives of European imperialists

Economic markets, raw materials, nationalism, and spreading Christianity.

Why India was the "jewel in the crown"

It was Britain's most valuable colony due to its huge population and raw materials.

Raj

The period of direct British rule over India (1858–1947).

Sepoys

Indian soldiers employed by the British military.

Geopolitics

Taking land for its strategic location or resources.

Sepoy Mutiny

1857 Indian soldier rebellion over greased cartridges; led to direct British control.

Imperialism

A policy where a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries.

Spheres of influence

An area where an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges.

Assimilation

Forcing or encouraging a subject people to adopt the ruling culture.

Berlin Conference

An 1884–1885 meeting where European nations divided Africa without African leaders.

Two independent nations in Africa (1914)

Ethiopia and Liberia.

Long-lasting negative impact of African imperialism

Artificial borders that combined rival ethnic groups, causing modern conflicts.

Why Britain sold opium to China

To fix a trade imbalance caused by buying massive amounts of Chinese tea.

Commodore Perry

US naval officer who forced isolated Japan to open trade doors in 1853.

Country Japan annexed in 1910

Korea.

Opium War results

British victory; China signed the Treaty of Nanjing and gave up Hong Kong.

Meiji Restoration

A period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan to avoid colonization.

Ottoman Empire after WWI

It collapsed and was divided into British and French mandates.

Main long-term causes of WWI

M-A-I-N: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Country blamed for WWI in the war-guilt clause

Germany.

Short-term spark of WWI

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

Zimmermann note

German telegram proposing an alliance with Mexico against the US.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

German policy of sinking any ship in British waters without warning.

WWI trench warfare conditions

Muddy, unsanitary, rat-infested, plagued by disease and shell shock.

WWI new weapons

Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, airplanes, heavy artillery.

Country that pulled out of WWI via Brest-Litovsk

Russia.

Country that declared war to begin WWI

Austria-Hungary (against Serbia).

Last Czar of Russia

Nicholas II.

Result of the Russian Revolutions

The rise of Lenin and the Bolsheviks, creating the communist Soviet Union.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's failed plan to defeat France quickly before fighting Russia.

The 14 Points

President Wilson's plan for lasting peace, including the League of Nations.

The Big Four

Leaders of the US, Britain, France, and Italy at the Paris Peace Conference.

US view of the Treaty of Versailles

Rejected by the Senate due to fears of being dragged into future foreign wars.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence who used nonviolent civil disobedience.

Civil disobedience

The deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law using nonviolence.

Totalitarianism

Government control over every aspect of public and private life.

The Duma

Russia's first parliament, created with very little real power.

Bloody Sunday (1905)

Imperial guards shot peaceful protesters in Russia, sparking massive riots.

V.I. Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks and first leader of communist Russia.

Bolsheviks

A radical Marxist group that seized power in the 1917 Russian Revolution.

Joseph Stalin

Brutal totalitarian dictator of the USSR after Lenin; used Five-Year Plans.

Il Duce

Benito Mussolini (Fascist dictator of Italy).

Der Führer

Adolf Hitler (Nazi dictator of Germany).

Axis Powers of WWII

Germany, Italy, Japan.

Allies of WWII (Main)

Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States.

Major fascist leaders of the 1930s

Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), Franco (Spain).

Appeasement

Giving in to an aggressor's demands to maintain peace.

Fascism

Militant political movement emphasizing extreme nationalism and loyalty to a dictator.

Munich Conference

1838 meeting where Britain and France appeased Hitler by letting him take part of Czechoslovakia.

Event that started WWII

Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.

Event on December 7, 1941

The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

Two cities hit by atomic bombs in WWII

Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Battle of Britain

Extended air campaign where the British RAF successfully defended against German bombing.

Holocaust

Systematic, state-sponsored murder of six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazis.

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially an ethnic group.

Ghetto

Overcrowded, segregated city zones where Nazis forced Jews to live.

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war"; fast-moving airplanes and tanks followed by massive infantry.

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

The massive Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

Victory in Europe Day; the date of Germany's official surrender.

WWII leaders of USA, UK, USSR

Roosevelt/Truman (USA), Churchill (UK), Stalin (USSR).

Cause of post-WWII European famine

Destroyed farmland, ruined transport networks, and millions of displaced people.

Nation that led the demilitarization of Japan

The United States (led by General Douglas MacArthur).

NATO

Defensive military alliance of Western democratic nations against Soviet aggression.

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance formed by the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.

United Nations

International peacekeeping organization formed after WWII.

Purpose of the Berlin Wall

To stop East Germans from escaping communist rule into democratic West Berlin.

Berlin Airlift

Year-long US/British operation flying supplies into West Berlin during a Soviet blockade.

Brinkmanship

The willingness to go to the very edge of war to make an opponent back down.

Containment

US foreign policy focused on stopping the spread of communism.

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's metaphor for the division between democratic West and communist East Europe.

Fall of the Berlin Wall symbol

The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and end of the Cold War.

Two superpowers during the Cold War

The United States and the Soviet Union.

Cold War proxy wars

Korea and Vietnam (US fought to contain communism backed by USSR/China).

Korean War result

Stalemate; the country remained split at the 38th parallel.

Vietnam War result

US withdrew; communist North captured the South and unified the nation.

Mao Zedong

Leader who won the Chinese Civil War and established communist China in 1949.

Two Chinas after the civil war

People's Republic of China (mainland/communist) v. Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan).

Cultural Revolution

Mao's radical 1966–1976 movement to cleanse China of traditional or capitalist elements.

One-Child Policy

China's population control rule introduced in the late 1970s.

Tiananmen Square protest (1989)

Student-led pro-democracy protest in Beijing brutally crushed by the military.

Rwandan Genocide (1994)

Mass slaughter of 800,000 Tutsis by the Hutu majority in 100 days.