Medical Practice Exam Review

A comprehensive set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering diagnostic criteria, management protocols, and clinical correlations from various medical lecture pages.

Initial Approach for GERD-like Symptoms

A therapeutic trial of omeprazole for symptoms consisting of substernal discomfort, heartburn worse after meals, and nocturnal awakening.

Protocol for Informing Family of Patient Death

Calm the next of kin and ask a nurse or other female doctor to join you in a private room to provide the information.

Reason for Furosemide Resistance in Cirrhotic Edema

High levels of aldosterone result in avid distal tubular reabsorption of sodium.

Emergency Management of suspected Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Refer for IV fluid and IM/IV insulin for a patient with repeated vomiting, dehydration, and a funny smell on the breath.

ECG signs of Pulmonary Embolism

Sinus tachycardia, prominent $S$ waves in lead $I$, inversion of the $T$ wave, and a prominent $Q$ wave in lead $III$ ($S_1Q_3T_3$).

Tachypnea

The most common physical examination finding of pulmonary embolism.

Initial Treatment for Symptomatic Rheumatoid Arthritis

Evaluate for Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Therapy (DMARD).

Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Older Patients

UGI endoscopy and colonoscopy to identify potential sources of bleeding.

Septic Arthritis Next Step

Perform Gram stain and culture of joint fluid when leukocytes are as high as 200,000/\text{\mu l}.

Medication Overuse Headache Management

Gradually withdraw analgesics and start propranolol for prophylaxis.

Treatment for Cluster Headache

Prednisone $60\,mg$ daily for $2$ to $4$ weeks (alternative to triptan therapy).

Nocturnal Diarrhea

A symptom most suggestive of a pathological cause of chronic diarrhea.

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) Survival Improvement

The addition of albumin to antibiotic therapy improves survival.

Standard Diagnostic Test for Clostridium difficile

Identification of Clostridium difficile toxin in the stool.

Metformin

The treatment of choice for a patient with a $BMI$ of $34$ and $HgA_{1c}$ of $7.3\%$ despite diet and exercise.

Aortic Dissection Clinical Presentation

Tearing chest pain radiating to the back (interscapular), widening of the mediastinum on chest x-ray, and a diastolic murmur along the left sternal border.

Secondary Prevention Post-Myocardial Infarction

Typically includes an antiplatelet agent, an ACE inhibitor, and a Beta-blocker.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Symptoms

Loss of proprioception, wide-based gait, positive Romberg sign, and hypersegmented neutrophils on blood smear.

Terminal Ileum

The specific part of the small bowel responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12.

Treatment for von Willebrand Disease Bleeding

Desmopressin (DDAVP).

Chemoprophylaxis for Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Contacts

Rifampicin.

Lewy Body Dementia

Progressive cognitive dysfunction, visual hallucinations, and extrapyramidal signs triggered by antipsychotic medication.

Omeprazole

A common drug cause of interstitial nephritis.

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Sodium Excretion

Characterized by a fractional sodium excretion ($FeNa$) $> 2\%$.

Transfusion-Related Graft-Versus-Host Disease Prevention

Prevented by using irradiated cellular blood products.

Hemoglobin Threshold for Transfusion in Septic Shock

$70\,g/l$.

Unstable Angina Diagnosis

Central chest pain at rest with a negative serum troponin and no ST segment elevation on ECG.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) Physical Findings

Bilateral infraclavicular crepitation associated with cough, night fever, and no improvement on standard antibiotics.

Sputum for Acid Fast Bacilli

The recommended investigation to prove a diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Amiodarone Liver Toxicity

A drug known to cause derangement in liver function tests, including elevated AST and ALT.

Acute Pancreatitis Diagnosis

Severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, elevated Amylase ($620\,U/L$) and Lipase ($510\,U/L$), often associated with gallstones.

Subacute Thyroiditis Finding

A tender goiter associated with low radioactive iodine uptake.

Contrast-Induced AKI

Acute kidney injury occurring after a contrast-enhanced CT scan, characterized by rising creatinine and decreased urinary output.

Aplastic Anemia

Diagnosis for a patient with pancytopenia ($RBC$ $1.5\,million/dl$, $TLC$ $1300/dl$, $PLT$ $40,000/dl$) and a bone marrow biopsy showing predominantly fat.

Ventricular Bigeminy

A characteristic arrhythmia associated with Digoxin toxicity.

S3 Gallop

The physical finding with the highest specificity for heart failure.

JVP 'a' wave absence

An expected finding on JVP assessment for a patient with atrial fibrillation (absent P waves on ECG).

Aortic Stenosis Murmur

Crescendo systolic murmur best heard at the right sternal edge.

HBs Ab

The marker checked four months after primary hepatitis B immunization to ensure adequate response.

Secretory Diarrhea

Characterized by persistent diarrhea despite fasting.

Sub-epithelial humps

The characteristic electron microscopy finding in Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis.

Right Coronary Artery

The artery most likely affected when ST elevation is seen in leads $II$, $III$, and $aVF$.

Ciprofloxacin

An antibiotic contraindicated for use during pregnancy.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

The investigation used to monitor the treatment of endocarditis after starting antibiotics.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)

Diagnosis for bleeding from needle stick sites, prolonged PT/aPTT, and low platelet count post-surgery.

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin

Causative organism for severe diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting occurring within hours of eating chicken salad and cream-filled pastries.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Causative organism for a mononucleosis-like syndrome developing four weeks after multiple blood transfusions.

Mycoplasma

The most likely causative organism for a dry cough and diffuse interstitial infiltrate on chest X-ray.

Analgesic Nephropathy

Condition caused by long-term use of NSAIDs for osteoarthritis, showing 'ring shadow' defects at the tips of renal papillae.

MUGA Scan

The most accurate method to determine left ventricular function.

y descent

The part of the jugular venous waveform associated with the opening of the tricuspid valve.

Chylous Ascites

Ascites characterized by high triglycerides ($320\,mg/dL$) and a high serum-ascites albumin gradient ($SAAG$).