Lipid stuff

four steps of B-oxidation

oxidation, hydration, oidation, reduction

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

dehydrates the alpha and beta carbons of the fatty acyl CoA

first and second oxidation

enoyl CoA hydratase

hydrates the resulting trans double bond

tholase

cleaves the fatty acyl CoA to make acetyl CoA and a shorter carbon chain

oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids requires two additional enzymes:

enoyl CoA isomerase

2,4- dienoyl CoA reductase

acetone

acetoacetate

beta hydroxybutyrate

conditons for ketone body production

low blood sugar/diabetes

what tissue makes ketone bodies

liver (mitochondria)

what tissues can actually use ketone bodies

extraheptatic tissues

acetoacetyl CoA

thiolase (ketogenesis)

acetyl CoA to acetoacetyl CoA

HMG-CoA synthase

acetoacetyl CoA to HMG-CoA

HMG-CoA lyase

HMG-CoA to acetoacetate (releases acetyl CoA)

acetoacetate decarboxylase

makes acetone from acetoacetate

B-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase

acetoacetate to B-hydroxybutyrate

HMG CoA

HMG CoA lyase

HMGCoA -→ acetoacetate

acetoacetate decarboxylase

acetoacetate → acetone

D-B-hydroxyburyrate dehydrogenase

acetoacetate → hydroxy butyrate