sociology pitluck isu exam 2

deviance

behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions

strain theory

the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people’s ability to attain them. if people cant live up to social expectations they will achieve them through deviance

differential association theory

the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks

white collar crime

crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation. fraud, bribery, inside trading, embezzlement, money laundering

social disorganization theory

the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

concentrated poverty

a condition in which 40 percent or more of the residents in an area live below the federal poverty line

neutralization theory

the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonate rationales for rule breaking. allow us to suspend our normal reluctance to engage in deviant acts, thereby “neutralizing” our resistance, guilt, and embarrassment.

labeling

the process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual

labeling theory

a theory about how labels that are applied to us influence our behavior

primary deviance

the first instance of deviance that attracts the deviant label

secondary deviance

further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label

structural functionalism

the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability

collective conscience

a society’s shared understand of right and wrong

anomie

widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from social rules

survey

a research method that involves inviting individuals to complete a questionnaire designed to collect analyzable data

sample

the subset of the population from which data will be collected

generalizable

a term used to describe data that are applicable to the whole population from which the sample is drawn, not just the sample itself

conflict theory

the idea that societies arent characterized by shared interests but by competing ones

social inequality

a society in which wealth, power, and prestige are the most readily available to people with privileged social identities

historical sociology

a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events, with the aim of enhancing sociological theory

premodern thought

a belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices

nation-states

large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights

modern thought

a belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life

rationalization

the process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activites

social organizations

formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a stated purpose. These include businesses, hospitals, schools, police forces, and social clubs.

divisions of labor

complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles

bureaucracies

organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations

postmodern thought

a rejection of absolute truth ( whether supernatural or scientific) in favor of countless partial truths, and a denunciation of the narrative of progress. Since no one’s point of view is any more valid than anyone else’s, there are as many truths as there are individuals.

gig work

a segment of the labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short-term job at a time

social institutions

widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need. really just two things: an idea (the category of need) and formal or informal practices (the patterns of interaction). education for example

ideologies

shared ideas about how human life should be organized. morally charged beliefs about right and wrong ways to respond to human needs and participate in everyday life.

social structure

the entire set of interlocking social institutions in which we live

structural position

the feature of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints

institutional discrimination

widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others

social stratification

a persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies

capital

the economic, social, or cultural resources we use to get the things we want and need

economic capital

financial resources that are or can be converted into money

median

middle value in a set of numbers

mode

value in a set of numbers that occurs the most often

mean

the average in a set of numbers

economic elite

the minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth

wage

cash payments given to workers in exchange for their labor

capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of the resources used to create wealth and the right of individuals to personally profit

proletariat

a class of people employed by others who work for a wage

labor

the work people can do with their body and minds

bourgeoisie

a class of people who employ the workers

means of production

resources that can be used to create wealth like land, factories, and money to invest

alienation

the feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of ones labor

crisis of capitalism

a coming catastrophic explosion from which capitalism would not recover

class consciousness

an understanding that members of a social class share economic interest

socialism

an economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governments for the enrichment of all

free market capitalism

a capitalist system with little or no government regulation. 1800s america

labor unions

associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of individuals

social safety net

a patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter

living wage

an income that allows full-time workers to afford their basic needs

welfare capitalism

a capitalist economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population

New Gilded Age

2000

gilded age

1870-1900

service and information economy

an economy centered on jobs in which workers provide services or work with information

precariat

a new class of workers that live economically precarious lives

working poor

people in the working force who earn poverty-level wages

protestant work ethic

the idea that ones character can and should be measured by ones dedication to paid work

comparative sociology

a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data about two or more cases that can be usefully compared and contrasted

social mobility

opportunity to move up or down in the economic hierarchy

glass ceiling

an invisible barrier that restricts upwards mobility

glass floor

an invisible barrier that restricts downwards mobility

wealth gaps

differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups

wage gaps

differences between the hourly earnings of different social identity groups

legitimation

a process by which a potentially controversial social fact is made acceptable

racism

a term that refers to a society’s production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups

residential segregation

the sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods

hypersegregation

residential segregation so extreme that many people’s daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races

white fight

organized White resistance to integration

white flight

a phenomenon in which White people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in

redlining

a practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying homes in poor and minority neighborhoods. has an effect today with trees

resource deserts

places that lack critical amenities

spatial analysis

a research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into fine-grained segments

environmental racism

the practice or exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than white people encounter

achievement gaps

disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students

tracking

the practice of placing students in different classrooms according to perceived ability

adultification

a form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children

school-to-prison pipeline

a practice of disciplining and punishing youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system

mass incarceration

an extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective

mass deportation

an extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective

cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage

a phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions

cumulative advantage and disadvantage

advantage or disadvantage that builds over the course of a life

inter generational advantage and disadvantage

advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children

structural violence

institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind

sexism

the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived as women

androcentrism

the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity

hegemonic masculinity

the version of masculinity that is more culturally valued and rewarded

patriarch/property marriage

a model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

breadwinner/homemaker marriage

a model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children

ideology of separate spheres

the idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men

mononormative

promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have s*xual relations only with each other (its making me censor it lol)

pro-natal

promoting child-bearing and stigmatizing going child free

partnership unions

a relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

second shift

the unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that family members do once they return home from their paid jobs

shared division of labor

an arrangement of which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

specialized division of labor

an arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than house work and childcare, and the other does the opposite