psych mid term

Skinner

Operant conditioning - skinners box punishment and reinforcement

Operant conditioning

Voluntary behaviors modified and shaped by consequences

Skinners box

Operant conditioning chamber

William James

Founder of functionalism father of psychology

Functionalism

Something is defined as what it does instead of what it is made up of. A whole

Maslow

Hierarchy of needs and humanistic psychology

Hierarchy of needs

Bottom to top Psychological- food, water, sleep. Safety- personal security, employment, health, love belonging- friendship, intimacy, family connection esteem- respect, self esteem, status, recognition. Self actualization- reaching full potential, creativity, personal growth

Personality psychology

Branch that studies how people differ from one another

Theory

When something Bridges the gap between raw human behavior and scientific data

APA organization

American psychological Association

Case studies

In depth detailed investigations of a single individual group or event

Surverys

Quantitative research instruments used to collect self reported data from a large group of participants

Experimental research

Scientific gold method in psychology the only method that can prove a cause and effect relationship

Independent variable

The part of the research that is getting change. It’s value does not depend on the dependent

Dependent variable

Completely depends on the independent. It is the behavior thought or emotion being measured

Confounding variable

An unmeasured outside factor that interferes with the relationship between the independent and dependent variable

Double blind study

An experimental procedure used in psychology and medicine where neither participants or the researchers interacting with them know who is receiving the actual treatment and who gets a placebo

Neuron parts/ communication

Dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, synaptic cleft then to the next

Glial cells

In both central and the peripheral nervous system, they regulate neurotransmission maintain the blood brain barrier and clear out cellular waste

Frontal lobe

front of the brain controls voluntary movements

Parietal lobe

Positioned near the upper back of skull it processes sensory information like touch, temp, taste, pressure

Occipital Lobe

Situated at the very back of the brain it contains the primary visual cortex and is for eyes and sight

Temporal lobe

Located on the bottom section of the brain near the eyes. Essential for memories, language, and auditory information

Cerebellum

Major structure at the very back of the brain underneath occipital and temporal. 10% of brain volume. Good for balance, posture, coordination, motor learning, and cognitive processing.

sensation

The passive process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

perception

The way the brain organizes and interprets and gives information to raw sensory information

bottom up processing

Data driven processing that builds a perception from the smallest pieces of raw sensory data

top down processing

Conceptually driven information processing that shapes your perceptions using prior knowledge and experiences memories and expectations

signal detection theory

A mathematical and psychological framework used to measure how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty

parallel processing

The brains ability to process and analyze and combine different streams of incoming sensory information multiple at once

gestalt psychology

A school of psychology suggesting that the human mind perceives objects as a whole rather than a simple collection of individual parts

figure ground

A fundamental type of perceptual grouping where the brain automatically separates visual scene into a central object of focus and its surrounding backdrop

generalization and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning

Spontaneous recovery is hen the conditioned response comes back after it as been extinguished and generalization is when an organism responds to a new stimulus the same way it would to its trained one

effects of media violence

Exposure to media violence can lead to desensitization, increased aggression, and more hostile attitudes over time. It may also influence behavior and social perceptions.

mirror

The subconscious imitating of another’s behaviors

positive punishment

Something added to stop a behavior

negative punishments

Something removed to stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

Strengthen a behavior that avoids a negative outcome

postive reinforcement

Something is is given or added after doing a good thing to increase chances of doing good thing

associative learning

Psychological process where the mind connects a stimulus to an event shaping behaviors and memories

reinforcement scheduled

Operant conditioning. Detailing how and when the desired behavior is rewarded

validity and reliability

Validity is accuracy and truthfulness and reliability is reproducibility and consistency

prototype

The idealized mental representation or best example of a category of thoughts

language

Communication system

phoneme

The smallest basic unit of sound in a Spoken language

problem solving strategies

Trial and error- trying potential solutions, algorithms-mathematical , heuristics- shortcuts

bias

Systematic deviations from rational objective judgement

gardner and multiple intelligences

Musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, linguistic, mathematical, naturalistic, intrapersonal ( self smart) , visual Howard garners theory profile strengths

dyslexia

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by severe difficulties in accurate or fluent word decoding reading or spelling

crystallized intelligence

The ability to utilize skills knowledge and experiences accumulated over a lifetime

fluid intelligences

The ability to think logically reason abstractly and solve new problems independently of any prior knowledge