AlevelFinal TUDORS

Henry VIII Crowned King

1509

Cardinal (thomas) Wolsey appointed as Minister

1513

Wolsey death

1529

Thomas Cromwell appointed as Minister

1532

Cromwell execution (Anne of Cleves - DATE)

1540

Battle of the Spurs - against?

1513 - France

Battle of Flodden

1513 - Scotland

Wolsey rose to Henry’s good books because…?

in 1512, he managed and financed Henry’s French wars.

Henry VIII Death

1547

Henry VIII wanted the pursuit of glory and war….

against France.

Who did Henry VIII want to copy with his war against France?

He wanted to copy Henry V and his success at Agincourt in 1415

The Amicable Grant was

a non-parliamentary tax proposed by Wolsey to fund war with France.

Amicable Grant Year

1525

Cromwell, to an extent, caused the Pilgrimage of Grace in ???. How?

1536
Dissolution of the Monasteries

Henry’s break from Rome and the Catholic Church in ???

1529-1536 - laws passed in parliament making HENRY, HEAD OF ENGLAND CHURCH

The financial situation of England was difficult when _____ became queen in 1558.

Elizabeth

She inherited debts from ______

Mary I

She inherited debts from ______ that equated to ______

Mary I

£227,000

Nearly half of that £227,000 was owed to the ______ ______ [The British Representative was ______ ______]

Antwerp Exchange

Thomas Gresham

Why were finances under strain?

Mary’s Foreign Policy

How dificult was it to find sources of income?

Highly

Whilst the Queen was a careful spender, what would engage her financial issues?

Her foreign policies

Why did the difficulkties in 1588 have to be addressed?

To strengthen her rule.

What are the 4 [main] financial problems that Elizabeth faced?

Mary’s debt and expenditure problems

The need to reform

Inflation

The financing of the war on Spain

Why was England not in a good position when Mary died?

It was allied with Spain, not helpful wih the Protestant cause

At war with France and Scotland.

The inflation due to the debasement of coinage

To manage financial problems, what two solutions did the Queen have?

Increase Crown Revenue [make money]

Reduce the expenditure [spend less]

There are two types of crown income.

What is ordinary income?

Crown lands, custom duties, profits of justice and fundraising from patronage

There are two types of crown income.

What is extraordinary income?

Parliamentary subsidy - basic tax.

What was the issue with extraordinary income?

Seen as unpopular and came to the Crown only on specific occasions and for particular reasons

What are the reasons for high inflation rate?

[Increase of money in the economy]

Debasement by Henry VIII and Edward VI

Sliver from the New World entering the European economy

Reasons for high inflation rate

Increased economic activity or fewer resources

Population growth

REALLY bad harvests [1557-58, 1594-97]

War on Spain [1585-1603]

What was probably the biggest cause of Elizabethan inflation?

Population growth

To control the effects of inflation, the government ______

passed economic legislation.

The ______ weren’t successful in stopping inflation.

Statutes

However, in regards to inflation the ______ of ______ in 15__ was slightly noteworthy because…

Statute of Artificers in 1563

Maximum wage was fixed, but not the minimum. All unemployed had to find work

Elizabeth raised finances by benefitting from the revised Book of ______ as more iterms were taxed

BOOK OF RATES

Thomas Greshams programme of replacing the ______ ______ with ______ ______ ______ made a healthy profit

debased money

newly minted coins

Money was collected from ______ ______ ______ that were transferred into private ownership

seized monastic properties

Whilst royal finances improved, what is believed about ELizabeths actions?

Her responses were short-term solutions.

By the time war was declared on ______ , the cash reserve wasn;t enough and more funds were needed

Spain

With the aid of ______ ______ ______ and Thomas ______ , Elizabeth was able to raise revenue and by 15___ was clear of debt.

Lord Treasurer of Winchester

Gresham

1574

Overall, ______ revenue was a good source of Crown income… but…

Ordinary

it was not fully utilised to improve the financial situation due to inflation.

But, It wasn’t all inflation, it was more of the lack of updating the system of revenue collection to match the rising prices.

[THE LACK OF FINANCIAL REFORM!]

How was ______ taxation bad too?

Parliamentary

It wasn’t efficient since many landowners were underassessed.

To improve its financial situation, the Crown reduced ______ ____________

royal expenditure

Elizabeth reduced royal expenditure by… reducing the size of the ______ __________

royal household

Elizabeth reduced royal expenditure by… ending the war with ______ and avoiding confilicts until the 15___s.

France

1580s

Elizabeth reduced royal expenditure by… Remodelling ______ ______ to cut the cost of ______ expenses

old ships

naval

Elizabeth reduced royal expenditure by… Freezing ______ salaries when ______ was high.

official

inflation

By the first half of ______ reign, England was free of debt. However, because of the ______ war in 15__ , it was on the up…

Elizabeth’s

Spanish

1585

What was the two issues during the Spanish war?

Increased use of extraordinary revenue

Lack of reform - meaning ordinary revenue stagnated.

How did the government raise extraordinary revenue to finace the Spanish war?

Monopolies and Purveyance

Forced to take Loans [Did little damage]

Selling of Crown Lands

Parliamentary ______ also aided ______ during wartime. She became the first ______ to have received ______ ______ from the House of Commons in English history!

Subsidies

Elizabeth

Monarch

multiple subsidies

What even is purveyance?

Queen Elizabeth's law to regulate royal officials' purchases from locals, ensuring fair prices, requiring permission, prompt payment, and maintaining order.

Weald iron was central to the English defence, How did the Crown’s purveyance fuck this up? [Consequence of Purveyance]

The price was so low that multiple foundries went out of buisness and local taxes increased!

Monopolies were thought to benefit the holder and burden the purchaser. How did this fuck the Crown up? [Consequence of Monopolies]

Elizabeth and Robert Cecil were attacked in Parliament for granting monopolies. The Queen made a promise to limit such grants, giving her famous Golden speech.

When was the Golden speech?

30 November 1601

Henry VII's primary aim as king was to establish ======_ and restore stability to England in ====

order - 1485

To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from == ====== 14==, the day before Battle of ======== ====. Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of ======

21 August 1485
Bosworth Field
treason

The ==== marriage between Henry VII and ======= in ==== united the warring houses of ======= and =====.

dynastic
Elizabeth of York
1486
Lancaster and York

Perkin Warbeck Rebellion (==== to ====): A series of uprisings led by pretender Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be the lost ====== ==== === ===.

1491-1499
Richard, Duke of York

====== ===== (1===): A trade treaty between ===== and the ===== = == =====, which helped secure peace and fostered economic ties.

1496
Intercursus Magnus
England and the Duchy of Burgundy

Treaty of ===== (=====): A peace treaty between England and ===== that brought an end to the hostilities of the ======= ==== == and provided Henry VII with a substantial financial settlement.

Etaples
1492
France
Hundred Years' War

Exploration and Voyages: Henry VII supported several voyages of exploration, including those of ======== who discovered ============

John Cabot, who discovered Newfoundland in North America.

Death of Prince Arthur (=====): The untimely death of Henry VII's eldest son and heir, Prince Arthur.

1502

The justice system was reformed under Henry VII, and he sought to strengthen royal authority. ========, for instance, dealt with cases involving nobles and maintained ============

The Court of Star Chamber

law and order.

Changes from Henry VII's rule to Henry VIII's rule in 1509:

1: When Henry VIII became king, he attacked his father's advisors and institutions

2: He arrested Empson and Dudley

3: He shut down the Council Learned in Law

Fill the blanks:
Before ????, Henry VIII only called Parliament ????

Before 1529, Henry VIII only called Parliament twice

1534 - Parliament and the Henrician Reformation:

Parliament had a role in changing the country's religion

It passed the Act of Supremacy and the Treason Act written up by Cromwell

What year was the Parliament and the Henrician Reformation?

1534

When Henry VIII couldn’t be interested in the details of government, who did he appoint as chief minister?

Thomas Wolsey

What year was Wolsey appointed?

1513

Wolsey rose through the Church’s ranks, when he overcame rivals at court in ????

1519

What role did Wolsey gain by 1518 so quickly?

Papal Legate (he can act on the Pope’s behalf)

True or False:
Wolsey was opposed to the ideas of Protestantism.

TRUE!

In the late 1520s, what major event concerning Wolsey happened?

The Kings Great Matter

The Kings Great Matter

Wolsey tried to protect the Church from the King as Henry VIII was frustrated by the Pope over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

In regards to The Kings Great Matter, what was Henry concerned over?

Henry was concerned his royal prerogative was being undermined. Wolsey assured him it was not.

Why was Henry disappointed with Wolsey in The Kings Great Matter?

Henry wanted Wolsey, as both chief minister and Papal Legate, to influence the Pope. Wolsey failed and the Church came under attack.

Wolsey’s first failing in 1525

Amicable Grant - 1525:

Wolsey introduced the grant to fund Henry VIII’s war with France. It resulted in rebellion and Henry was forced to pull out of the war.

This led to Henry questioning Wolsey’s loyalty.

When was Wolsey sacked?

1529

When was Cromwell named Henry;s new chief minister?

1532

True or False:
In the mid-1530s, Cromwell encouraged preachers to spread Protestant messages.

True

What huge event did Cromwell play a major role in?

The dissolution of monasteries.

When did the dissolution of monasteries happen?

1536

How long did Parliament last under Cromwell?

Seven Years

The Royal Council became…?

The Privy Council

Cromwell’s End

failure of Henry VIII's marriage to Anne of Cleves was pinned on Cromwell .

Accusation of treason - Cromwell

• Cromwell was accused of treason and heresy by the Duke of Norfolk.

• An Act of Attainder was passed against him and he was accused of failing to properly enforce the Act of the Six Articles.

• Cromwell was executed in July 1540, the day Henry married Catherine Howard.

What was the significance of the Act of Supremacy?

The Act of Supremacy, passed in 1534, declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England, establishing the break from the authority of the Pope in Rome.

What was the purpose of Henry VIII's six marriages?

Henry VIII's marriages were primarily driven by his desire for a male heir. His quest for a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led to the English Reformation.

What was the dissolution of the monasteries?

Series of events between 1536 and 1541 where Henry VIII disbanded Catholic monasteries, confiscated their assets, and transferred their lands to the Crown.

What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Widespread rebellion in 1536 against Henry VIII's religious policies, particularly the dissolution of the monasteries. Led by conservative Catholic factions demanding a return to traditional practices.

How did Henry VIII's reign impact the religious landscape of England?

Henry VIII's reign marked the beginning of the English Reformation and the establishment of Protestantism in England.

Who: Cornish Rebels

What: A rebellion by Cornish peasants and ===== against ===== and the recruitment of —— —— —— with ———.

Why: The rebels were angered by ============== and resented ========== they believed was not their concern.

When: ====

Where: Primarily in Cornwall, England

gentry

taxes

soldiers for war with Scotland

taxation
being forced to fight in a war

1497

Who: Pilgrimage of Grace

What: A large-scale rebellion led by ===================== against Henry VIII's religious reforms and the dissolution of the monasteries.

Why: The rebels were opposed to the break ==== ======= and the supression of ============== and the introduction of =============

When: 153? to 15??

Where: Primarily in Northern England

conservative Catholic factions, including nobles and clergy,

with Rome, the suppression of monasteries, and the introduction of Protestant practices in the Church.

1536-1537

Who: Wyatt's Rebellion

What: A rebellion led by ========= and his supporters, including ====== and ====, against =========’s plan to ============= and restore Catholicism.

Why: The rebels were opposed to the proposed marriage and feared the ===========, as well as ==============.

When: 15

Where: Primarily in ===, England

Sir Thomas Wyatt

nobles and gentry

against Queen Mary I's plan to marry Philip of Spain

Catholicism comeback

the influence of Spain on English affairs.

1554

Kent

Who: Western Rebellion (also known as the Prayer Book Rebellion)

What: A rebellion by ======================== against the imposition of the ====================== and religious changes under =======.

Why: The rebels were predominantly Catholic and resisted the reforms, favoring traditional Catholic practices and liturgy.

When: 15==

Where: Primarily in Cornwall and Devon, England

Cornish and Devonian commoners

Protestant Book of Common Prayer

Edward VI

1549

Who: Kett's Rebellion

What: A rebellion led by ====== ==== and his supporters, including peasants and landless laborers, against ====== and ============== faced by the rural population.

Why: The rebels were frustrated by the increasing =============== which limited ============== and livelihoods.

When: 15==

Where: Primarily in Norfolk, England

Robert Kett

enclosures and the economic hardships

enclosures of common land, which limited their access to resources

1549

Who: Wyatt's Rebellion (Second Revolt)

What: A failed rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt and his supporters against ======= ====== ==== == === ======= ======= =

Why: The rebels were concerned about === ====== ==== ==== = === ==== under a foreign king.

When: ====

Where: Primarily in London, England

Queen Mary I's marriage to Philip of Spain

the Spanish influence on England

1554