Endocrine Hormones

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates protein synthesis and long bone growth (before/during) puberty). Stimulates use of fats as energy.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates production of thyroxine hormone. Allows iodine in thyroid follicle to make thyroxine.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Females: Triggers ovulation and production of androgen.

Males: Stimulates production of androgens.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Females: Converts androgens into estrogen in granulosa cells.

Males: Begins sperm production.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex.

Prolactin

Produces breast milk.

MSH

Stimulates production of melanin in fetus and young children. Can suppress appetite. Plays a role in sexual arousal.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Increased water reabsorption in the tubules of kidneys. Reduces urine production (concentrated urine).

Oxytocin

Females: Causes uterus contractions and release of breast milk.

Males: Causes contraction of vas deferens to push sperm ejaculation.

Thyroxin (T3/T4)

Controls basal metabolic rate (BMR). Increases rate of ATP production (calorigenic effect - changes body temperature through exothermic reactions). Increases Na/K pumps in neurons. Controls bone and neurons in nervous system development.

Calcitonin

Stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bones. Inhibits osteoclasts - slows calcium release from bones. Reduces calcium absorption in intestines. Increases calcium excretion into urine by kidneys.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Stimulates osteoclasts to increase calcium release out of bones. Inhibits osteoblasts to reduce calcium deposits in bones. Increase calcium absorption in intestines and increased kidney reabsorption.

Aldosterone

Stimulates conversion of sodium ions and elimation of potassium ions. Responds to low plasma Na+.

Cortisol

Responds to stress. Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (helps glucagon increase glucose levels). Increases blood pressure. Anti-inflammatory (prevents cytokine release).

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Muscle/liver: Triggers breakdown of glycogen and increases cellular respiration.

Adipose: Breakdown of fats.

Heart: Increases heart rate/contraction

Increases mental alertness

Calcitriol

Works with parathyroid hormone to increase calcium and phosphate absorption in small intestine.

Melatonin

Influences the circadian rhythm. Causes sleepiness. Recovery from jet lag.

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose and blood potassium levels (increases cellular glucose and potassium uptake)

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose (decreases glucose uptake)

Testosterone

Finishes process of sperm production and maturation. Maintains semen-producing glands (prostate, cowper’s glands). Stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics (body and facial hair, bone growth)

Estrogen

Stimulates development of oocytes (egg cells). Develops uterine lining (endometrium). Stimulates female secondary sexual characteristics (breast development, broadening of hips, and fat distribution).

Progesterone

“Hormone of pregnancy”. Stimulates mammary gland development and breast growth. Maintains uterine lining (endometrium) during pregnancy.