World Civ Final

Neolithic Revolution:

10,000 years ago; shift from food gathering to food producing

5 characteristics of civilization

Advanced Cities

Specialization

Complex institutions

Record keeping

Improved technology

Advanced Cities

large urban population centers, engage in trade

Specialization

food surpluses allow for division of labor

Complex institutions

administrative and organizational entities that provide rule & order - 4 ex: Social hierarchy, Economies, Religions, Govs

Record keeping

physical, as opposed to oral; symbolism, etc

Improved technology

innovation, engineering, infrastructure, etc

barter economy

to trade or exchange goods and services instead of money

scribe

someone whose job was to specifically keep track of things; a professional record keeper

papyrus

writing surface made from reed paper

MesoAmerica

America before civilizations

Rosetta Stone (ID)

form - large stone with three languages written on it; function - used for taxes & accounting but then was used to translate hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Ancient Greek

Benin Bronzes (ID)

form - carved ivory tusks, bronze plaques, and bronze/brass statuettes; function - cultural artifacts that speak to the history of Benin and the regional culture

British Museum

museum created to store artifacts in the British Empire; some objects are controversial

pharaoh

“god king”; ancient kings of Egypt; both political and religious leaders, often viewed as ruling over the land and its people

monarchy

“rule by one”, king or queen, dynastic succession

dynasty/dynastic

a sequence of rulers from the same family, often maintaining power over generations, typically in a monarchy

monotheism

belief in existence of one god

Polytheism

belief in existence of many gods

Animism

belief that things in nature have spirits

theocracy

government by religion, priests in power, religious law codes

Feudalism

economic and political system based on the exchange of land for loyalty and protection

Mandate of Heaven

corrupt/ineffective gov would lead to upheaval and replacement

dynastic cycle

the cyclic rise and fall of governing dynasties

empire

once independent states brought under a single authority by force

stele (ID)

upright stone or wooden slabs that are often inscribed with text, images, or symbols; used for religious reasons, commemoration, or legal records

Legalism

believed people are naturally selfish and need strict laws and harsh punishments to keep order

Daoism

based on living in harmony with the Dao (“the Way”), nature, and balance. It encouraged simplicity and going with the natural flow of life

Confucianism

focused on respect, education, morality, family loyalty, and proper behavior to create a stable society

Ideology

beliefs, values, and ideas that shape the way the world is interpreted 

patriarchy/ patriarchal

a social system in which men hold primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property

“eye for an eye”

common theme of Hammurabi’s code; lex talionis

Code of Hammurabi

Babylonian legal code established by King Hammurabi and consists of 282 laws that cover various aspects of daily life, society, and justice; one of the oldest in the world

classism/classist

prejudice or discrimination against individuals based on their social class, which is determined by factors like income, education, and occupation

social hierarchy

a system where people in society are ranked into different levels or classes based on status, power, or wealth

Yin Yang (ID)

dark/female/passive and light/male/active; “harmonized contrast”

command economy

an economic system where the government or a central authority makes all decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services (is now called Communism)

centralized/decentralized

power in one place vs spread out

1619

when slavery first began/when the first kidnapped West African people arrived in the English colony of Jamestown VA

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

buying and selling people from Africa into the new world

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried African people over to become slaves

Stono Rebellion

1739- before civil war; Outside Charleston, South Carolina; From Congo, West Africa= trained in war; African American Army (20 men) burn plantations; heads severed when caught by militia; Beat drums, burn, kill, head to Florida/Spain; VERY UNSUCCESSFUL- deterrence

Nat Turner Rebellion

1831, VA; group of enslaved people killed plantation; owners and families-60 whites killed; claimed God told him to (“prophet”); suicide mission; Nat put on trial and hanged; mostly unsuccessful; one of the bloodiest rebellions in US history

Emancipation Proclamation

1863; Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union (mainly confederate states); Black men could enlist; shows Lincoln intends to end slavery

HBCUs

Historically Black Colleges & Universities; (primary mission is to educate Black Americans); Fisk Uni, Morehouse Col, Howard Uni, Hampton Uni

Freedmen’s Bureau

a federal agency that provided vocational training, schooling, and marriage licenses to formally enslaved and poor whites

13th Amendment

1865; abolished slavery (w/out due process 🫤)

14th Amendment

1868; Equal Protection Clause

15th Amendment

1870; Black Male Suffrage

Black Codes

laws passed in the post CW south to est slavery/oppress Black people and limit freedom (w/out naming slavery)

Sharecropping

economic system; land owner allows farmer to use land in exchange for share of farmer’s crop; inescapable

KKK

used terror to control hated groups, started after CW during Reconstruction; “reborn“ in 1914/15 after being destroyed in the 1870s; mostly veterans of Confederate army; advertised themselves as "protectors" against "threat"

Literacy Tests

tests that the poll worker could administer to anyone to see if they were fit to vote; got one wrong you could not vote; poll workers would give them to mainly black people to prevent them from voting; purposely confusing and hard

Black/Yellow/ Red Face

Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup to create a caricature of Black people; a key component of American minstrel shows, where white performers used the makeup to mock African Americans, reinforcing racist stereotypes that portrayed them as lazy, ignorant, superstitious, and cowardly

Jim Crow

1877-1954; JC was a black face caricature in minstrel shows; enforced by law & terrorism; romanticization of antebellum Confederacy & white supremacy; Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 (“separate but equal“); spread of racist stereotypes; denial of civil rights-legal entitlements; Catholicism now #2 on hate list for KKK; Jews #3

Plessy v. Ferguson

US SC decision that legalized segregation (it’s okay)

Brown v. Board

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) → ended school segregation, influencing desegregation for all minorities (it’s gotta go)

Harlem Renaissance

explosion of Black cultural, artistic, and political life

Lynching

executing people without trial

Accommodation

“don’t rock the boat!”; Booker T. Washington; Tuskegee Institute

Confrontation

“rock the boat!”; Ida B. Wells & WEB DuBois; NAACP

Separation

“get our own boat!”; back to Africa movement falling out; Marcus Garvey

Apologist

a person who makes an argument  in support of someone or something typically defending slavery

philosophy

study of fundamental questions about existence, right and wrong, and identity

Ship of Theseus

questions whether an object remains fundamentally the same if all of its parts are replaced over time

Ship of State

when there is a problem and the captain can’t control the boat, who should

Allegory of the Cave

people who know truth are rejected because they don't accept their ignorance

Socratic problem

we only have secondary sources of him, so it’s hard to piece together his life

Trial of Socrates

Socrates was convicted; his two charges were religious impiety (blasphemy against Greek gods) & corrupting the youth (questioning authorities)

Plato

founded The Academy c. 387; Theory of the soul; Theory of the forms; The Republic; Allegory of the Cave

Theory of the soul

the rational: desires logic, thinking; the spirited: desires honor; the appetitive: desires things

Theory of forms

the physical world is merely a shadow of objects’ non-physical truest and ideal concept

Aristotle

zoology, golden mean, scientific method (all observations should be questioned, tested, then revised), Aristotelian model

Zoology

direct observation of animals

Aristotelian model

puts earth at center-sun circles; Galileo disproves these ideas

golden mean

believed all virtues had vices-the goal should be the golden mean; too little (cowardice), too much (recklessness), balanced (courage)

Feminism

a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that advocate for the political, economic, personal, and social equality of all sexes

UHH Renaissance Art

techniques/characteristics - prized individualism, emotions, and realism; linear perspective (depth)

beliefs of Hinduism

Caste system, reincarnation, karma

Buddhism

Buddhism: a major global religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the "Buddha"); believes in rejecting the caste system, reincarnation, Dharma (4 Noble Truths & the 8 Fold Path); nirvana from Dharma, and ethical conduct, thought, and meditation

nirvana

release from pain and selfishness (comes from following Dharma)

UHH 1517

Luther published the 95 Theses

Reformation

a major 16th-century religious and political movement in Europe; aimed to reform the Catholic Church but ultimately splintered Western Christianity, leading to the creation of Protestantism

nepotism

giving jobs/promotions to family & friends instead of for merit

simony

the buying & selling of church offices & positions

indulgences

the buying & selling of church offices & positions

2 major beliefs of Lutheran

Salvation by faith alone, Biblical supremacy

Machiavelli

ren fig; political science writer; is it better for a leader to be feared or to be loved

Petrarch

ren fig; invents sonnet poets and is one of the first major authors to write in their natural/own language (vernacular), not just Latin

Galileo

legendary Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who disproved the Aristotelian model

Dante

ren fig; Inferno author

Socrates

an ancient Athenian philosopher; tutored Plato

Plato

an ancient Greek philosopher; tutored Aristotle

Aristotle

an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath; tutored Alexander the Great

Siddhartha Gautama

og “Buddha”; pampered prince in Nepal who left at 30 yo and witnessed an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and holy men which led him to question things and seek “the Middle Way”

Martin Luther

a German (HRE) man who became a Catholic priest in 1507; started the Lutheran religion; against some things like indulgences; was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and almost arrestedKatharina Zell: pamphleteer & public speaker; focused on refugees, the poor, and the need for clerical marriage; importance of female literacy and female theology; lots of criticism after her husband’s death

Katharina Zell

pamphleteer & public speaker; focused on refugees, the poor, and the need for clerical marriage; importance of female literacy and female theology; lots of criticism after her husband’s death

Hiram Revels:

first African American person to serve in the US Congress (1871)

Nat Turner

a self-styled prophet, he led one of the bloodiest slave rebellions in US history

Harriet Jacobs

an African-American abolitionist and author who wrote an autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl;  she was harassed whilst enslaved; provided a female pov on a male dominated topic