lecture exam male and female reproductive system

What are the organs of the male reproductive system?

Testes, epididymides, ductus deferens (vas deferens), ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and scrotum.

What are the primary sex organs in males?

The testes

What are the functions of the testes?

Produce sperm and secrete testosterone.

What is the function of the scrotum?

Protects testes and keeps them cooler than body temperature for sperm production.

Where is the dartos muscle found?

In the superficial fascia of the scrotum.

Function of dartos muscle?

Wrinkles scrotal skin to reduce heat loss and pull testes closer to body.

Where is the cremaster muscle found?

In the spermatic cord surrounding testes.

Function of cremaster muscle?

Elevates testes toward body when cold or stimulated.

In what structure of the testis are sperm produced?

Seminiferous tubules.

What cells support sperm development in seminiferous tubules?

Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells.

What cells produce testosterone in the testes?

Interstitial (Leydig) cells.

Trace the path of sperm from production to exterior.

Seminiferous tubules → straight tubules → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → prostatic urethra → membranous urethra → spongy (penile) urethra → external urethral orifice.

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy (penile) urethra.

Where is the prostatic urethra located?

Passes through the prostate gland.

Where is the spongy urethra located?

Runs through corpus spongiosum of penis.

What are the three male accessory glands?

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands.

Function of seminal vesicles?

Produce alkaline fluid with fructose and prostaglandins.

Function of prostate gland?

Produces milky fluid containing enzymes and PSA to activate sperm.

Function of bulbourethral glands?

Produce mucus that lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidity.

Where are sperm stored until ejaculation and where does it gain motility

epididymis

What is semen composed of?

Sperm cells + secretions from seminal vesicles + prostate gland + bulbourethral glands.

What are the stages of male sexual response?

Excitement, orgasm, resolution, refractory period.

What controls erection?

Parasympathetic stimulation causing nitric oxide release and vasodilation.

What controls ejaculation?

Sympathetic stimulation and rhythmic muscular contractions.

What is spermatogenesis?

Production of sperm from spermatogonia through meiosis.

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Seminiferous tubules.

Steps of spermatogenesis?

Spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → meiosis I → secondary spermatocytes → meiosis II → spermatids.

What is spermiogenesis?

Transformation of spermatids into mature sperm.

Changes during spermiogenesis?

Tail forms, acrosome develops, nucleus condenses, excess cytoplasm removed.

What happens in Prophase I?

Synapsis and crossing over.

What happens in Metaphase I?

Homologous pairs line up in center.

What happens in Anaphase I?

Homologous chromosomes separate.

what is synapsis

homologous chromosomes pair up and align closely together, allowing for genetic recombination through crossing over.

What happens in Telophase I?

Two haploid cells form.

What happens in cytokinesis 1

The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two distinct haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes.

what happens in prophase 2

chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down if it was present, preparing for the second round of division without DNA replication.

what happens during metaphase 2

The chromosomes line up at the cell's equatorial plane, spindle fibers attach to the centromeres, preparing for separation.

what happens in anaphase 2

The sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers, ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

what happens during telophase 2

The chromosomes begin to decondense, the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

What is the HPG axis?

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis controlling reproduction.

What hormone does hypothalamus release?

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Function of GnRH?

Stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.

Function of FSH in males?

Stimulates Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis

Function of LH in males?

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone.

Function of testosterone?

Supports sperm production and secondary sex traits.

What are male secondary sex characteristics?

Facial/body hair, deeper voice, larger muscles, broad shoulders, increased libido- appears at puberty

What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands.

Function of ovaries?

Produce oocytes, estrogen, progesterone.

Stages of follicular development?

Primordial → primary → secondary → vesicular/antral → mature Graafian follicle → ovulation → corpus luteum → corpus albicans.

Purpose of corpus luteum?

Secretes progesterone and estrogen after ovulation.

What is corpus albicans?

Scar tissue from degenerated corpus luteum.

Structures of female duct system?

Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina.

How is female duct system different from male?

Female transports oocyte/zygote; male transports sperm and semen.

Trace path of egg from ovary outward.

Ovary → fimbriae → infundibulum → ampulla → isthmus → uterus.

Where does fertilization normally occur?

Ampulla of uterine tube.

Main structures of uterus?

Fundus, body, cervix.

What supports the uterus?

Broad ligament, round ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, pelvic floor muscles.

Three layers of uterine wall?

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium.

Two layers of endometrium?

Stratum functionalis and stratum basalis.

Which layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?

Stratum functionalis.

Major structures of female external genitalia?

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, vaginal opening.

Where is the perineum in both sexes?

Region between external genitalia and anus.

Major structures of mammary gland?

Lobes, lobules, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses, nipple.

Where is milk stored?

Lactiferous sinuses.

What is oogenesis?

Formation of female gametes (oocytes).

When does oogenesis begin?

fetal development, specifically in the ovaries of a female fetus, and continues until menopause.

How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis?

the development of female gametes and occurs in a cyclic manner VS spermatogenesis is the continuous formation of male gametes (sperm) throughout a male's life.

Phases of ovarian cycle?

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.

What triggers ovulation?

LH surge.

During follicular phase, what uterine phase occurs?

Menstrual then proliferative.

During luteal phase, what uterine phase occurs?

Secretory phase.

Main hormones of female cycle?

GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.

What are STDs?

Infections transmitted mainly through sexual contact.

Examples of STDs?

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HPV, HIV.

What is cryptorchidism?

Failure of one or both testes to descend into scrotum.

Why is cryptorchidism a concern?

Can reduce fertility and increase cancer risk.

what happens to LH and FSH during the follicular phase

levels increase, stimulating ovarian follicle development and estrogen production.

what happens to LH and FSH during the ovulation phase

levels peak, triggering ovulation and the release of the mature egg.

what happens to LH and FSH during the luteal phase

Levels decrease, stabilizing the corpus luteum and maintaining progesterone production.

what happens during the proliferative phase

The endometrium thickens due to increased estrogen levels, preparing for potential implantation.

what happens to LH and FSH during the proliferative phase

Levels increase, stimulating the ovarian follicles and promoting the growth of the endometrium in preparation for ovulation.

what happens during the secretory phase

The endometrium becomes more vascular and secretes nutrients, preparing for potential implantation of an embryo.

what happens to LH and FSH during secretory phase

Levels decrease as the corpus luteum forms, leading to a decline in estrogen and progesterone production.