DATA AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Collecting Data

The process of gathering information from various sources for storage, analysis, and decision-making.

Data Warehouse

A large storage system that consolidates data from multiple sources for analysis and reporting.

Data Mining

The process of analyzing large datasets to discover patterns, correlations, and trends.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Software that provides an interface for users to create, manage, and interact with databases.

Desktop/Personal Database

A database that runs on a personal computer and is used by a single user.

Server/Centralized Database

A database hosted on a server, accessed by multiple users over a network.

Distributed Database

A database where data is stored across multiple locations but appears as a single database to users.

Blockchain

A decentralized ledger technology that records transactions across multiple computers securely.

Database Administrator (DBA)

Manages and maintains database systems.

Database Programmers

Develops and writes programs to manage and manipulate data within a database.

Database Analysts

Analyzes data to support decision-making processes.

Database Project Managers

Manages database projects, ensuring they are delivered on time and within budget.

Online Forms

Digital forms used to collect data via the internet.

RFID

Radio-frequency identification used for tracking items.

Digital Sensors

Devices that collect data from the physical environment.

Invisible Data Collection

Data collection without explicit user input, like cookies.

Digital Footprint

The trail of data left by users' interactions online.

Transaction Tracking

Monitoring and recording the details of transactions.

Data Warehousing

Storing large volumes of structured data for analysis.

Data Mining

Extracting useful patterns and knowledge from large datasets.

DSS (Decision Support System)

Computer-based systems that support business or organizational decision-making activities.

Expert System

A computer system that mimics human expertise to solve specific problems.

Record Lock

Prevents simultaneous access to a record to avoid data conflicts.

Audit Trail

A record of all changes made to a database for security and accountability.

Rollback

Reverting a database to a previous state in case of errors.

Parallel Data Sets

Duplicates of data to ensure availability and reliability.

Data

Raw facts and figures without context.

Information

Data processed to be meaningful.

Knowledge

Information interpreted based on experience or learning.

Decision-Making

The process of making choices by analyzing information and knowledge.

Accuracy

Data should be free from errors.

Correctness

Data should be correct and reliable.

Currency

Data should be up-to-date.

Completeness

Data should be complete and contain all necessary information.

Relevance

Data should be relevant to the context and purpose.

Verification

Ensures data is correctly entered and consistent.

Validation

Ensures data meets specific criteria for accuracy and consistency.

Format Check

Ensures data is in the correct format.

Data Type Check

Ensures data is of the correct type (e.g., numerical, textual).

Range Check

Ensures data falls within a specified range.

Check Digit

A digit added to the end of a number to validate its authenticity.

Elements of a Database

Tables, fields, records, and relationships.

Field Data Types

Specifies the type of data stored in a field (e.g., integer, text, date).

Primary Key

Uniquely identifies a record in a table.

Foreign Key

A field in one table that links to the primary key in another table.

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Visual representation of entities and their relationships in a database.

Data Integrity

Ensures the accuracy and consistency of data.

Data Independence

Data is independent of the applications that use it.

Data Security

Protects data from unauthorized access or alterations.

Data Maintenance

Ensures data is regularly updated and maintained.

Insertion Anomaly

Difficulty adding data to the database.

Update Anomaly

Inconsistencies arise when updating data.

Deletion Anomaly

Unintended loss of data when deleting records.

Normalization

The process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity.

Entities as Tables

Each entity is represented as a table.

Entity Integrity

Ensures each table has a primary key and that the values are unique and not null.

Relational Database

A database structured to recognize relations among stored data.

Referential Integrity

Ensures that relationships between tables remain consistent.

Impact of Computers

Computers have transformed communication, education, business, and daily life.

Ethics

Addresses issues like privacy, intellectual property, and the