Conquered and the Conquerers(1)

First Viking invasion

Lindisfarne monastery, 793

How did the Viking's start to invade

• They began with monasteries as they were rich and poorly guarded;

• Used longships to travel further inland

Significance of longships

• Sturdy - could carry many warriors, making Viking's strong in battle;

• Slender - allowed them to sail up rivers and reach deep into England;

• Fast - perfect for surprise attacks

Why did the Viking's invade England

• Wealth - Anglo-Saxon monasteries were rich with gold and silver, Vikings knew about this due to trade;

• Land - Scandinavia had poor farmland;

• Technology - longships allowed for quick raids up rivers

Great Heathen Army

• 860 - Ragnar Lothbrok killed;

• 865 - Great Heathen Army came to England for revenge, led by Guthrum;

• Conquered York, which they set as their capital;

• Stopped in Nottingham by an Anglo-Saxon army;

• Danegeld - they were paid to leave

Danelaw

• From 865 - Viking migrants settled in lands conquered by GHA;

• Area was known as the Danelaw, had Scandinavian rules;

• King of the Danelaw was Guthrum

Guthrum and Alfred

• 875 - Viking invasions of Wessex began, led by Guthrum;

• 878 - Battle of Chippenham, Guthrum surprise attacked Chippenham forcing Alfred into hiding;

• 878 - Battle of Edington, Alfred launched a counterattack and won, Guthrum surrendered

Treaty of Wedmore

• 878 - after Guthrum surrenders;

• Guthrum converts to Christianity;

• Clear boundary between Viking and Anglo-Saxon territories, Danelaw

What did Alfred do after the Treaty of Wedmore

CESB

• Created the British navy to defend against further attacks;

• Education reforms to promote learning and literacy;

• Spread Christianity across England;

• Build fortresses (burhs)

Battle of Maldon

• 991 - Viking's led by Sven Forkbeard beat England with 90 ships;

• Aethelred paid them Danegeld to leave

When and why did Aethelred marry Emma

• Aethelred was tired of paying Danegeld;

• He married Emma in 1002 to gain Norman support and stop the Viking's from restocking in Normandy

St Brice's Day Massacre

1002;

• After marrying Emma, Viking's still forced him to pay Danegeld;

• To retaliate, he ordered all Danes living south of the Danelaw to be killed

Why did Sven Forkbeard invade

his sister, Gunhilda, was killed in St Brice's Day Massacre

Sven Forkbeard's invasions

• 1013

- He invaded and conquered England, forcing Aethelred out of the country;

-Died in 1014, leaving his son to succeed him

Cnut's journey to become King

• After his father died, he was King;

• 1014 - he was forced out by Aethelred and rebels;

• 1016 - Aethelred died and his son, Edmund became King;

• 1016 - Cnut beat Edmund at the battle of Assandun;

• Two men agreed Edmund would run Wessex and Cnut would run the rest of the country;

• 1016 - Edmund died leaving Cnut as the King of England and Scandinavia;

• He then married Emma

Significance of Emma

(MMSS)

• Married two kings - gave her influence over England;

• Mother of future Kings - Edward and Harthacnut;

• Secured peace between England and Denmark;

• Strengthened England's ties with Normandy - influencing William the Conqueror

Significance of Cnut

(CRCPB)

• Conquered England;

• Ruled the North Sea empire;

• Converted to Christianity;

• Promoted trade with Scandinavia;

• Built churches

Significance of the North Sea Empire

(ICR)

• Increased trade;

• Cultural exchange;

• Religious influence - brought Christianity to Denmark

How did the Angevin Empire develop

• 1152 - Henry II obtains Aquitaine through Eleanor of Aquitaine;

• Inherited Normandy from his mother, Matilda;

• Inherited Anjou from his father, Geoffrey;

• 1171 - invaded Ireland

Henry II and Ireland

• 1155 - Pope gives Henry permission to take over Ireland;

• 1169 - Richard Strongbow takes territories for him;

• 1171 - Henry II went to Ireland for six months, built castles and fortresses;

• 1175 - Treaty of Windsor, King of Ireland Rory O Connor gives homage to Henry II.

giving him a portion of land on the east coast known as ‘The Pale’

Loss of Normandy

• 1204 - Phillip invaded and took Normandy;

• Weakened Britain significantly

Why was Phillip able to take Normandy

(WUF)

• Weak leadership - John was disliked;

• Unfair treatment of nobles - made nobles less willing to fight for John;

• French barons switched allegiance to Phillip

Consequences of losing Normandy

• Normandy was the heart of English territories in France;

• John taxes the barons highly to regain his lands;

• Led to a baronial revolt

What years was the 100 years' war

1337 - 1453

Battle of Crecy

1346, 20k French vs 15k English;

· Edward III led England's much smaller army against Philip VI;

· Significance - demonstrated the effectiveness of the English longbow and canons against knights changing medieval war tactics;

· Boosted morale and led to the English capture of Calais

Battle of Poitiers

1356, 11k French vs 6k English;

· England won under Edward the Black Prince and led to capture of French King John (humiliating);

· England still used the longbow but since the French had better armour Edward commanded archers to shoot at horses;

· Significance - led to capture of French King John II, boosted morale

Battle of Agincourt

1415, 30k French vs 6k English; · English forces led by Henry V;

· Significance - showed the superiority of the longbow and tactical positioning (French knights got stuck in the mud);

· Outcome - boosted English morale

Siege of Orleans

1428;

· Decisive French victory under Joan of Arc;

· French used the cannon and artillery to beat the English

What was the turning point of the 100 years' war

the death of Henry V in 1422 caused the English to lose confidence leading to them losing at the Siege of Orlean

Short term significance of the 100 years' war

· War was costly leading to higher taxes;

· Military innovations - such as the canon, longbow, artillery;

· France united under one King

Long term significance of the 100 years' war

· Nationalism - led to disdain for the French, spoke English in court;

· Change in military tactics - now fought from far away rather than close;

· England looked to conquer lands outside of Europe, EMPIRE