Feed processing and additives

Additives - animal feed

Substances, micro-organisms or preparations, …, intentionally added to feed or water in order to perform one or more certain favourable functions

• Authorisation by EU (register of feed additives)

  • Authorisation for sale/use in the EU requires evaluation by the EFSA

Main categories feed additives

technological, such as preservatives, antoxidants, emulsifiers

sensory (colourants, flavours)

nutritional, vitamins, trace elements, amino acids, urea

zootechnical, e.g. digestiblity enhancers, gut flora stabilizers

prevent diseases (coccidiostats and histomonostats)

additives animal feed - incorporation

low level

Mixability, what is homogeneity

Mixability - segregatuin

after mixing many opportunities for de-mixing (segregation)

• in factory and transportation

spontaneous stratification - particles of different sizes

sifting of fine particles - percolation

brazil nut effect

aerodynamic dust segregation

Mixability

many operations in feed processing/ handling/storage can prevent good mixing or may lead to segregation

form/physical properties of importance

• particle size, particle shape, weight/density, hygroscopy, susceptibility to electrostatic charges, adhesiveness to surfaces, or specific compouns (oil)

compatability to carier (premix)

compatability to feed (particles)

Big differences in particle size of ingredients results in more variation

CV - calculation

coarse particles lead to a higher ..

cv

Mixability - analytical variation

within-lab variation is less than among-lab variability

Homogenous distribution affected by mixing process

machinery characteristics, type of mixer, size of mixer

process characteristics, mixing time, fillling of mixer, speed of mixing, keep in mind: carry over

Mixability - variation due to sapling

testing mixability/homogeneity?

• location of sampling, timing of sampling, how take the sample, multiple points?, how large, how many samples, how to analyse it

sTABILITY

different stages in feed production affecting recovery (stability) and/or activity of additives

• production of additive

• storage of additive

• mixing in premix

• mixing in feed

• storage of premix

• storage of feed

• feed processing

  • feeding process

production of additive - sensitivity of unprotected vitamins to external factors, e.g

heat, oxygen, humidity, light, pH

different for vitamins, sometimes contradictory

instability vitamin A

form of Vitamin A, antioxidants, airtight, waterproff

formulated vitamin A, higher retention than non-formulated vitamin A

Enzymes in animal nutrition

proteins (long chains of amino acids)

structure (#D) deines function and stability

catalyse chemical reactions

• involved in all reactions related to life

• present in every living organism

are very specific

activity depends stronly on environment (pH, T)

• inactivation partly by Msillard reactiosn

  • big activity loss due to moisture teperature, time (pelleting, extrusion0

enzymes in animal nutrition - stability

good fomrulation (form, coating) improves

pelleting stability

enzymes in animal nutrition - stability

stability of enzymes (during storage and processing) can be improved through

enzyme production (often, relatively simple and cheap, limited effect)

enzyme engineering (effective, complex, long time, expensive (legislation, acceptance)

formulation (form, coating), (visibility, relatively cheap, magnitude of effect)e

enzymes in animal nutrition

often

dusty

inhomogenous particle size distribution

lower stability (storage and pelleting)e

enzyme stability is the sum of different steps in the feed manufacturing process

• this formulation

stable throughout complete feed process (up to 95 degrees)

free-flowing (accurate dosing)

high particle number (homogeneity)

virtually dust free (safe handling)

handling

electrostatic charing, stickiness, hygroscopy

inhomogeniety, carryover

allergens

• low dust products, inhalation

SUMMARY

additives are a group of highly potent/active substances

it is a technological challenge to combine the cotractidory requirements

the formulation of the additive may protect against hostile influences

storage of additives, premix, feed

premix composition, homogeneity, mixability

feed processing

handling (product characteristics, health of workers)

especially the combination of temperature, moisture, time can be a negative influence, to take into account in premix and feed production

it has to workin the animal - bioavailability