Anatomy Final

Sympathetic Nervous System

"Fight or Flight"; prepares the body for stress or emergencies

Sympathetic Nervous System effects

Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, increases blood glucose, decreases digestion, increases blood flow to skeletal muscles

Location of sympathetic ganglia

Along the spinal cord

Parasympathetic Nervous System

"Rest and Digest"; returns the body to normal after stress

Parasympathetic Nervous System effects

Slows heart rate, increases digestion, conserves energy, restores homeostasis

Location of parasympathetic ganglia

Near or within target organs

Pituitary gland

Known as the "master gland"; controls many other endocrine glands

Adrenal glands

Release epinephrine (adrenaline) for fight-or-flight response

Pancreas hormones

Insulin and glucagon

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose

Negative feedback

Body shuts down hormone release once balance is restored

Negative feedback example

High blood sugar causes insulin release; once blood sugar normalizes, insulin release decreases

Hypothalamus

Endocrine structure that links nervous and endocrine systems

Pineal gland

Produces melatonin and regulates sleep cycles

Thyroid gland

Regulates metabolism

Parathyroid gland

Regulates calcium levels

Thymus

Important for immune system development

Blood tissue type

Connective tissue

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood that transports nutrients, wastes, and carbon dioxide

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Fight infection

Platelets

Help blood clot

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood toward the heart

Capillaries

Site of gas and nutrient exchange

"Lub" heart sound

Caused by closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

Right atrium

Upper right chamber of the heart

Right ventricle

Lower right chamber of the heart

Left atrium

Upper left chamber of the heart

Left ventricle

Lower left chamber of the heart

Septum

Wall dividing left and right sides of the heart

Aorta

Largest artery carrying blood from the heart to the body

Pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Pulmonary vein

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

Superior vena cava

Returns blood from upper body to heart

Tricuspid valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Conducting zone

Warms, humidifies, and filters incoming air

Structures in conducting zone

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

Respiratory zone

Actual site of gas exchange

Structures in respiratory zone

Alveoli

Gas exchange in lungs occurs by

Diffusion

Pleural fluid

Allows lungs to glide smoothly against thoracic cavity during breathing

Nostrils

Openings that allow air into respiratory system

Nasal cavity

Warms, humidifies, and filters air

Oral cavity/mouth

Alternate pathway for air intake

Pharynx

Passageway for air and food

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering trachea

Larynx

Voice box; passageway for air

Trachea

Windpipe carrying air to bronchi

Bronchus

Main airway branch entering each lung

Bronchioles

Smaller airway branches inside lungs

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs