Urinary & Nephron by opstemy

What are the three functions of the urinary system?

1.) Excretion- the removal of waste products from body fluids 2.)Elimination- discharge of waste 3.) Homeostatic regulation of volume and concentration of blood plasma

These are the most abundant type of nephrons (85%), have short tails, and are only located in the cortex of the kidney

Cortical nephron

These nephrons have long loops of henle, concentrate nephron, and extend deep into the medulla

Juxtamedullary nephrons

What are vasa recta?

Long capillaries that parallel the loop of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons

___% of cardiac output goes to the renal artery

25

What is the renal blood flow from the renal artery to the glomerulus

Segmental arteries, interloper arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus

Which arteries and veins go up/down the columns

Interlobular arteries/veins

Which arteries and veins go across the base of the pyramids?

Arcuate arteries/veins

These arteries and veins go ventricular through the cortex of the kidney

Interlobular arteries/veins

What is the blood flow from the glomerulus to the renal vein

Efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins

What is the blood flow in the kidneys through the nephron

Glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

This anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and is the outer most structure

Renal fascia

What is the adipose tissue that surrounds the kidneys

Adipose capsule

Where are nephrons housed in

renal pyramids

What is the functional unit of the kidney

nephron

What hormone secreted by the kidneys increases red blood cells

EPO

Renin increases?

Blood pressure

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

What is the outer wall of the renal corpuscle

Bowmans capsule

This is an interconnected capillary system, visceral epithelium, and filter blood in the renal corpuscle

Glomerulus

These cells are in visceral epithelium and contains feet called pedicels

Podocytes

Gaps between pedicels are

filtration slits

This tubule passes between the afferent and efferent articles

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

This tubule leads away from the Bowmans capsule, and it's primary function is the reabsorption of nutrients, ions, water, and plasma proteins

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

The descending limb connects to the PCT and is a ________ segment

Thin

This segment is freely permeable to water

Thin

The ascending limb connects to the DCT and is a ________ segment

Thick

This segment pumps sodium and chloride ions out of fluid

Thick

T/F: When discussing thin and thick segments, it is referring to the size of the lumen

False, refers to the size of cells not diameter of lumen

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes hormones _______ and _____

EPO, Renin

This is a cluster of cells along the DCT in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Macula densa

These cells are smooth muscle fibers in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Juxtaglomerular cells

What are the three organic waste products

urea, creatinine, uric acid

This is the most abundant organic waste and most of it is from breaking down amino acids

Urea

This organic waste is generated in skeletal muscle from the breaking down of creatine phosphate

Creatinine

This organic waste is formed from recycling nitrogenous bases RNA

Uric acid

Secretion, a process of urine formation, is what

transport of solutes into renal tubules, back up process to filtration in order to remove all undesirable materials from blood plasma

Reabsorption, a process of urine formation, is what

removal of water and solutes from the filtrate occurs after filtrate has left the renal corpuscle

Filtration, a process of urine formation, is what

blood pressure forces water and solutes across wall of the glomerulus

What is the ONLY site of filtration in the kidneys?

The glomerulus

glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries and tends to push water and solutes out of plasma and into renal tubule

This pressure is the equal sum of all three pressures, this is the pressure that forces water and dissolved materials out of the glomerulus and into the capsulate space then into renal tubule.

Filtration pressure

Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to

pull water back into plasma due to plasma proteins in glomerulus and opposes GHP

This refers to the pressure inside the nephron and conducting system and wants to push water and solutes back into plasma and also opposes GHP

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

A decline in Glomerular filtration rate can lead to

acute renal failure

If the blood pressure at the glomerulus drops by 20% the filtration pressure will be _____ and kidney filtration will ________

0, stop

This refers to the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute

Glomerular filtration rate

A decline in blood pressure triggers the release of Renin from the

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Where does the most reabsorption of filtrate occur in the nephron?

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Which limb of the loop of henle is permeable to water and impermeable to solutes

Thin limb

The thick limb is

impermeable to water and to solutes, pumps Na and Cl ions out of tubular fluid

The descending limb is __________ and the ascending limb is ________ in the nephron

thin, thick

What does the term secretion mean

the ejection of waste products and toxins that did not leave the bloodstream at the glomerulus

Renin is converted to _________ which is then converted to angiotensin II by the ______

angiotensin I, lungs

What does angiotensin II cause the nephrons to do?

cause constriction of efferent arteriole, directly stimulates PCT to reabsorb Na and water

What does angiotensin II cause the adrenal glands to do?

cause secretion of aldosterone which increases Na reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct

What does angiotensin II cause the CNS to do?

increase thirst, release of ADH which increases water reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct and increase cardiac output

What does angiotensin II cause the peripheral capillary beds to do?

vasoconstrictor arterioles, increase BP throughout body

What is the number one waste of urine and what is it from?

Urea, the breakdown of amino acids

What is the pH of urine

4.5-8

Is urine sterile or nonsterile

sterile

The pumping action elevates what, which in turn causes what to occur

osmotic concentration of fluid around thin descending limb, this causes more water to flow out of the thin limb concentrating ions in the thick limb and so on

The hormone aldosterone causes what to occur, which then causes what

more Na to be reabsorbed which causes water to follow however potassium ions are loss

The DCT is also the site for ____ reabsorption

Ca

What two secretions occur at the DCT

Potassium (K) is secreted in exchange for Na ions and Hydrogen ions

ADH makes the DCT and collecting ducts

permeable to water

What is the microscopic urine flow?

Glomerulus, capsular space, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct then papillary duct

What is the macroscopic urine flow?

Renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra