GVSU BMS 105 Assessment 2 - Units 5 (Professor Mathew)

carbohydrates

class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body

examples of carbohydrates

sugars, starches, and fiber

How do plants make carbohydrates?

using the sun’s energy to combine the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from carbon dioxide and water.

Are plants rich sources of carbohydrates?

yes

What are simple carbohydrates?

sugars (most names end in ”-ose”)

What is the simplest type of sugar?

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

simple sugar that is the basic molecule of carohydrates

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

glucose

glucose

monosaccharide that is primary fuel for muscles and other cells; “blood sugar“

What are some thing that uses glucose?

red blood cells, nervous system cells, and brain cells

What are some good sources of glucose?

fruits and vegetables (grapes, berries, corn, and carrots)

disaccharides

simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides

Examples of diasaccharides

maltose, lactose, and sucrose

What is natural sugars

any sugar that comes naturally in any produce such as lactose in milk of fructose in oranges

What is another name for refined sugars?

added sugar

added sugar

sugars added to foods during processing or preparation

examples of added sugars

sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup

Where can fructose be extracted from easily

corn (remember: high fructose corn syrup)

is glucose of fructose sweeter?

fructose

Alternative sweeteners

substances that are added to sweeten foods while providing few or no calories

What are some alternative sweeteners that do add calories?

sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, and mannitol

What is the difference between sugar and sugar alcohols

sugar alcohols do not promote tooth decay while sugar does

Except for erythritol, what does sugar alcohol cause?

diarrhea

how much cal/g does sugar alcohols provide and why?

2 cal/g because they are not fully absorbed by the intestinal tract

high-intensity (“artificial”) sweeteners

group of manufactured alternative sweeteners that are intensely sweet-tasting compared to sugar

What are some examples of high-intensity sweeteners?

saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, neotame, monk fruit extract, steviol glycosides, and advantame

What can people with the disease phenylketonuria not have any why?

aspartame and some high-protein rich foods because of the phenylalanine and their bodies cannot process it properly

When is phenylketonuria diagnosed?

within 48 hours after birth

What are complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides

polysaccharides

compounds comprised of several monosaccharides bonded together

What do cells use polysaccharides for?

store energy

What is the most common for of polysaccharides?

glucose molecules with digestible and non-digestible forms

starch

storage form of glucose in plants

What does our intestinal tract do to starch?

digests starch into individual forms of glucose molecules to be absorbed

how much calories does starch provide?

4 cal/g

dietary fiber

indigestible plant material, most types are polysaccharides

what form of sugar are fibers in?

polysaccharides

What is the one fiber that is not a carbohydrate?

lignin

Why can human not digest fiber?

the specific form of the glucose chains

What are some examples of polysaccharides that humans cannot digest?

hemicellulose, pectin, gums, and mucilages

What does the non-digested fiber do in the large intestine?

serves as an energy source for the bacteria in the intestine

What happens to the excess fiber that the bacteria did not use?

it gets pooped out

soluble fiber

forms of fiber that dissolve or swell in water

insoluble fiber

forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water

What does soluble fiber do?

binds cholesterol to reduce blood cholesterol and slows glucose absorption to reduce glucose levels

What does insoluble fiber do?

increases fecal “bulk” to help ease bowel movements

According to the DRI, what percent of calories should come from carbohydrates?

45 to 65%

What happens when diets contain lots of added sugar

higher risk for heart disease

What percent of calories should come from added sugar?

less than 10%

What are major sources of added sugars?

regular soft drinks, fruit “-ade”, energy drink, and sweetened coffee or tea

If the carbohydrates in oats are primarily starch and fiber what else is added when milk and brown sugar is added?

lactose and sucrose is added

What is the major fuel for our cells?

glucose

What types of cells are in the pancreas?

alpha and beta

insulin

hormone that helps lower blood glucose levels

what cell produces insulin?

beta cells

what cells produce glucagon?

alpha cells

What does insulin do?

helps to lower blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to enter the cells

What does glucagon do?

allows cells to release glucose into the bloodstream

What does insulin and glucagon do together?

regulate the body’s blood glucose levels

What happens to glucose after it is absorbed into the liver?

When the blood glucose is low the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream and when you blood glucose level is normal glucose is stored as glycogon

What happens when the max amount of glycogen is being stored

the liver converts the excess glucose into fat

What do fat cells do

remove fat from the bloodstream and store it for future energy use

What happens when the cells need energy?

the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream

how much calories does glucose supply?

4 cal/g

When glucose is burned what is released as waste product?

carbon dioxide gas and water

To metabolize fat properly what does the cells need?

glucose

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from the incomplete breakdown of fat for energy

what can be used in-place of glucose in brain and muscle cells?

ketone bodies

examples of energy sources

sugar, starch, fat, protein, and alcohol

non-alcohol fatty liver disease

accumulation of fat in the liver that’s not caused by alcohol consumption

what percentage of Americans have non-alcohol fatty liver disease?

30 to 40%

what contributes to non-alcohol fatty liver disease

obesity, type 2 diabetes, and excess intake of carbohydrates

what is the possible treatment for non-alcohol fatty liver disease?

losing excess body fat and following a healthy diet pattern

diabetes mellitus

group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

what is a normal fasting glucose level?

70 to 99 mg/dl

what is a pre-diabetic fasting glucose level?

100 to 125 mg/dl

what is a diabetic fasting glucose level?

126+ mg/dl

what are some symptoms that people with diabetes experience?

excessive thirst, frequent urination, vaginal yeast infection, impotence, and sore that do not heal

what are some symptoms that a person with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes may experience?

increased appetite, weight loss, fruity smelling breath, fatigue, and confusion

What happens when diabetes is uncontrolled or untreated?

nerves, organs, or blood vessels are damaged

What can diabetes cause?

heart disease, kidney failure, and lower limb amputations

what is the 7th leading cause of death in the US?

diabetes

what type of disease is type 1 diabetes?

autoimmune disease

What do immune system cells do in a person with type 1 diabetes

attack and destroy pancreatic cells

treatment for type 1 diabetes

insulin by injection

what is the most common form of diabetes?

type 2

What is wrong with the body’s cells of someone with type 2 diabetes?

they are resistant to insulin even though the body still produces insulin

What puts people at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes?

physically inactive, overweight, obese, family history, and heritage/ancestor of Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific Islander

type 2 diabetes treatment

regular exercise, special diet, medications, and losing weight

T/F: a woman cannot develop diabetes during her pregnancy

false

what is the risk when a pregnant woman has diabetes?

miscarriage, stillbirth, and pre-mature birth

what diet should be followed to try and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes?

less processed meats, less refined grains, and less added sugars; more fish, more fiber-rich whole grains, more beans, more dairy products, more yogurt, more fruits, and more vegetables

glycemic index

measure of the body’s blood glucose response after eating a food that supplies 50 g of digestible carbohydrates as compared to a standard amount of glucose or white bread

high glycemic index value

70+, meaning it is digested quickly

low glycemic index value

less than 55

what happens when a carbohydrate is digested quickly?

blood sugar and insulin levels are raised

is the glycemic index of a carbohydrate-rich food high or low?

high

is the glycemic index of a carbohydrate-rich with fiber food high or low?

low

glycemic load

value determined by multiplying the glycemic index of a carbohydrate-containing food by the amount of carbohydrate in a typical serving of food

high glycemic load value

20+