WESTERN HISTORY FINAL

What body of water was ANCIENT western culture centered around?

The Mediterranean Sea.

What is the Blue Book assignment in this course?

The assignment to answer questions asked by the instructor in class.

We should study western culture because:

It is our culture.

Which is NOT one of the 3 elements of western culture?

Hindu culture.

In paganism what distinguished the gods from human beings?

The gods were immortal whereas human beings were not.

How does the instructor define patriotism?

As the preferential love of one's own.

In paganism what was the basis for knowledge about the gods?

Myths.

In paganism what kind of god or gods was typically worshipped?

Gods who each had power over a specific area of human experience.

What is meant when one says history is linear not cyclical?

That history is a story leading to an ending.

What is the connection between Western Culture and the Christian faith?

Western Culture has been a significant transmitter of the Christian faith.

Why is Abraham called father of faith?

Because he trusted in God.

Where was Abraham born?

Ur.

When are the Hebrew Scriptures believed to have been written?

Around 1000-500 B.C.

What is the name of the first 5 books of the Hebrew Scriptures?

The Torah.

What makes Moses a lawgiver?

The fact that he received the law from God and gave it to his people.

Which contribution to the Jewish tradition is associated with Moses?

Law.

Socrates:

Taught by asking questions.

"In the Phaedo, how does Socrates describe the body?"

As a hindrance in the soul's search for truth.

What does Psalm 51 say about ritual sacrifices?

That God wants sorrow for sin before he wants sacrifices.

What does Psalm 139 indicate about the nature of God?

That He knows us intimately.

Which is (are) a type of friendship according to Aristotle?

All of the above

Plato's Republic:

Described justice in a city as each person doing what he was supposed to do.

Which is not part of the soul as Plato understood it?

Vision.

How does Plato define temperance in the reading from The Republic?

Temperance is the ordering or controlling of certain pleasure and desires.

ow does Plato define injustice in the soul in the reading from The Republic?

As a rebellion of one part of the soul against the soul as a whole.

Plato’s forms were:

Perfect originals in a spiritual realm.

How did Aristotle's method differ from Plato's?

Aristotle valued empirical research more as a means of discovering truth.

Which is an example of a merely useful friendship?

All of the above.

Which is NOT a reason that perfect friendships are rare (Aristotle)?

Because only the elderly have the interest in forming perfect friendships.

Why does Socrates say suicide is wrong?

Because we are possessions of the gods and should not kill what the gods possess.

Which is an element of virtue:

All of the above are elements of virtue.

According to Epictetus what should we focus on?

Things we can control.

Why should we live simply according to Seneca?

Because then Fortune will not be able to take so much from us.

Which culture was centric in the ancient world according to Remi Brague?

Greek culture.

Which did Epictetus recommend?

All of the above.

Who conquered the Greeks before the Romans did?

The Macedonians.

Which is a feature of a republic in theory?

The high value placed on liberty.

How can one take the sting out of evils according to Seneca?

By knowing ahead of time that anything can happen to you.

What contributed to the end of the Roman monarchy?

The r4pe and sewercide of Lucretia.

Octavian:

All of the above.

Who was Romulus?

One of the legendary founders of Rome.

What period marks the decline of the Roman Empire?

200-500 AD.

Which was NOT part of Diocletian's tetrarchy?

The establishment of a new capital at Constantinople.

What was decreed in the Edict of Milan?

That Christianity would be tolerated along with other religions.

Why did the Roman Empire decline and fall in the West?

All of the above.

Who decreed the Edict of Milan along with Constantine?

Licinius

Where was Constantine born?

Serbia

First Roman Emperor?

Octavian.

Which occurred during the Pax Romana?

All of the above.

What was wrong with the earthly city according to Augustine's book City of God?

The earthly city tended to engage in conflict and to value earthly goods above heavenly goods.

How did sociologist Rodney Stark explain the spread of Christianity?

"Christianity spread through a slow, steady growth over several centuries."

Which was NOT part of the appeal of Christianity in late antiquity?

Christianity's simplistic beliefs in comparison to paganism.

What is salima in Islam?

Surrender and obedience to Allah.

What was pentarchy in Eastern Orthodoxy?

The belief that five bishops of five key cities shared leadership in the Church.

Main language of the Byzantine Empire?

Greek.

What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

Constantinople

Which person's faith did Islam claim to be restoring after centuries of distortions?

Abraham’s.

What was the status of Jews and Christians under Muslim rule?

They were allowed to practice their faith under restrictions.

In what years did Medieval Europe exist?

500-1400 AD.

A relic was:

A body part or object associated with a saint.

What nation claims the baptism of Clovis as its founding act?

France.

Which is (are) TRUE of Charlemagne?

All of the above

How were the Saxons converted to Christianity under Charlemagne?

Royal coercion.

THEOTOKOS refers to:

"The Virgin Mary as the bearer of Christ, the divine son of God."

What was the investiture controversy about?

"Who should appoint bishops, the pope or the Holy Roman Emperor."

The medieval Church believed that in the Eucharist:

The substance of the bread and wine were changed into the body and blood of Christ.

In the Middle Ages the Church grew more powerful while the state weakened. (T/F)

False

Medieval Europe was entirely Christian by 500 A.D. [T/F]

False

Indulgences:

Could be granted for good works or going on a pilgrimmage.

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Italy.

What was an advantage in using oil paints?

Oil paints allowed for more mixing and layering of colors.

What did sacra conversazione art depict?

Portraits of saints within a single frame of reference.

Why does the image of prudence have two faces?

To show that prudence requires both knowledge of the past and concern for the future.

Why were Renaissance humanists disdainful of the Middle Ages?

They believed cultural expression deteriorated in the Middle Ages.

Renaissance Humanism:

Included the study of history.

What was the immediate cause of Luther's decision to post his 95 theses?

The promotion of a new plenary indulgence in Germany.

Sola fide means:

We are saved by faith alone.

Sola scriptura:

The Bible alone is the infallible standard for Christian belief.

“Which was NOT part of the religion of works, according to Protestants?"

The reading of the scripture

Imputed righteousness:

Refers to God seeing believers as righteous even though they are not.

When was Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X?

1521.

Which part of the Americas was colonized mainly by Protestant Europeans?

The British Colonies

How did the Eucharist in Protestantism differ from the Eucharist in Catholicism?

Protestants did not believe the bread and wine became the body and blood of Christ.

Sola gratia means:

We are saved by grace alone.

How many Native Americans did the Spanish claim to rule by the mid-1500s?

20 million.

How did Sepulveda attempt to justify Spanish conquest of Native Americans?

He asserted that Indians were natural slaves.

Why did the Aztecs sacrifice human beings to their gods?

They believed human beings were the best things that could be offered to the gods.

(T/F) Europe was the center of Western Culture in the Middle Ages

True

(T/F) The Law of Moses is found in the Hebrew Scriptures.

True

(T/F) God’s immanence refers to his presence in creation.

True

(T/F) . “Philosophy” literally means “love of wisdom”

True

(T/F) According to Plato, the soul is immortal

True

(T/F)The Greek polis referred to the common life of the inhabitants of a Greek city

True

Aristotle believed only virtue was necessary to live a happy life.

False

Virtue must be habitual to be virtue.

True

Marcus Aurelius was the last emperor of the Pax Romana.

True

Political instability contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.

True

“The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church” means that the experience of religious persecution actually helped grow the Christian church.

True

Christian teachings in ancient times were intellectually attractive.

True

The baptism of Clovis is considered the beginning of the nation of France.

True