Joints

What is the articulation of the sternoclavicular joint?

sternal facet of clavicle with manubrium of sternum

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

synovial- saddle

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint? Which ones are extrinsic/intrinsic?

Intrinsic

interclavicular (reinforces superiorly)

anterior sternoclavicular (reinforces anteriorly)

posterior sternoclavicular (reinforces posteriorly)

Extrinsic

costoclavicular (resists elevation)

What are some unique characterisitcs of the sternoclavicular joint?

• it is the only joint connecting our UE with our axial skeleton

• it has two cavities that are seperated by an articulating disc formed by fibrocartilage which makes this joint very strong to resists compression

What are all the motions of the sternoclavicular joint? List the primary and secondary movers of these movements

• ELEV

  • primary: descending fibers of trapexius

  • secondary: rhomboid minor/major, levator scapulae

• DEPR

  • primary: gravity

  • secondary: ascending fibers of trapexius, pec major/minor, lats, and serratus anterior

• PROT

  • primary: serratus anterior

  • secondary: pec major/minor

• RETR

  • primary: middle fibers of trapexius

  • secondary= rhomboid major/minor, and lats

• UR

  • primary= escending fibers of trapexous, inferior serratus anterior

  • secondary= ascending fibers of trapexius

• DR

  • primary= lats

  • secondary= gravity, levator scapulae, pec major/minor, rhomboid major/minor

What is the articulation of the acromioclavicular joint?

acromion of the scapula wiht the acromion facet of the clavicle

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

synovial- plane

What are unique characteristics of the acromioclavicular joint?

it has a partial disc on the superior portion of the joint made up of fibrocartilage

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint? Determine which are extrinsic and intrinsic

Intrinsic

• acromioclavicular ligament reinforces superiorly

Extrinsic

• coracoclavicular ligament

  • conoid ligament

  • trapexoid ligament

What is the articulation of the glenohumeral joint?

head of humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

What type of joint is the glenohymeral joint?

synovial- ball adn socket

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the glenohumeral joint? Determine which are intrinsic and extrinsic

Intrinsic

• superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral

• coracohumeral

• transverse humeral

Extrinsic

• coracoacromial

  • makes up the coracoacromial arch that keep the head of the humerus from moving too far up superiorly

What are the motions involved in the glenohumeral joint? Determine the primary and secondary movers of each movement

• FLX

  • primary= anterior deltoid and pec major

  • secondary= coracobrachialis, biceps

• EXT

  • primary= posterior deltoid

  • secondary= triceps long head, lats, and teres major

• ABD

  • primary= supraspinatis for the first 15 degrees and deltoid the rest of the way

  • secondary= no additional movers

• ADD

  • primary= pec major, lats

  • secondary= teres major, coracobrachialis, subscapularis, long head of triceps

• ER

  • primary= infraspinatis

  • secondary= teres minor and posterior deltoid

• IR

  • primary= subscapularis

  • secondary= anterior deltoids, pec major, teres major, and lats

What are some unique characteristics of the glenohumeral joint?

This joint has a labrum which is a cartilagenous ring that surround the joint capsule that acts as a suction cup to hold the head of the humerus into the glenoid fossa of the scapula

What is the articulation of the atlantooccipital joint?

superior articular facets of C1 with the occipital condyles of the occiput

WHat type of joint is teh atlantooccipital joint?

synovial condyloid

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the antlanaoccipital joint?

posterior and anterior atlantaoccipital membrane and the tectoral membrane

What are the movements involved in the atlantaoccipital joint?

FLX/EXT (primary)

IPL SB, CL ROT (secondary)

What is the articulation of the atlantaaxial joint?

• inferior lateral masses of C1 with the superior articular facets of C2

• anterior arch of C1 with the dens of C2

What type of joint is the atlantaaxial joint?

• 2 lateral= synovial

• 1 medial= pivot synovial

Wha tis the primary motion of the atlantaaxial joint?

ROT

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the atlantaxial joint?

the cruciate ligaments which are made up of three ligaments

• transverse ligament of atlas

• superior longitudinal band

• inferior longitudinal band

What are the three joints that make up the elbow complex?

• humeroulnar

• humeroradial

• Proximal radioulnar

What are the joints that make up the forearm?

• proximal radioulnar

• distal radioulnar

• interoseeous membrane

What is the articulation of the radiocarpal joint?

distal end of the radius with the triangular ligament, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrium

What type of joint is the radiocarpal?

condyloid synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the radiocarpal joint? List whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic

intrinsic

• anterior palmar radiocarpal ligament (supports SUP)

• posterior palmar radiocarpal ligament (support PRO)

extrinsic

• ulnar collateral ligament (connects ulnar styloid process with the pisiform and triquetrium

• radial collateral ligament (connects radial styloid process with scaphoid and trapezium

What are the motions of the radiocarpal joint? Provide the primary and secondary movers

FLX

• primary= FCU, FCR

• synergist= FDP, FDS, FPL, PL, APL

EXT

• primary= ECU, ECRL/B

• synergist= ED and EDM

RD

• primary= FCR, ECRL/B, APL

UD

• primary= FCU and ECU

What is the articulation of the midcarpal joint?

b/t the proximal carpal bones and distal carpal bones

What type of joint is the midcarpal?

pivot synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the midcarpal joint. List intrinsic or extrinsic

do not need to know specific names or if intrinsic/extrinsic

primarily these reinforcing ligaments help support the joint anteriorly and posteriorly

What are the motions that occur at the midcarpal joint? Provide primary and secondary movers

• do not need to know movers

• primary movements are…

• initate FLX

• initiate EXT (where most motion occurs)

• RD (where most motion occurs)

What is the articulation of the 1st CMC joint?

1st MC with the trapezium

What is the articulaton of 2-5 CMC joint?

2-5 MC with the distal carpal bones

What type of joint is the 1st CMC? What type of joint is the 2-5 CMC joint?

1st CMC

• saddle synovial

2-5 CMC

• plane synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of all CMC joints?

Intrinsic

• palmar CMC lig

• dorsal CMC lig

What are the motions of the 1st CMC joint? List primary and secondary movers if neccessary

FLX/EXT

ABD/ADD

OPP/REP

Circumduction

do not need to know the movers

What are the motions of the 2-5 CMC joints? List any movers if necessary

FLX

UD

RD

gliding

do not need to know movers

What is the articulation of the MCP joints?

the head of the MC and the base of the proximal phalanx

What type of joint. is the MCP joints?

condyloid synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the MCP joint?

All intrinsic

• palmar MCP lig

• dorsal MCP lig

• deep transverse MCP lig (webbing of the medial 4 digits)

What are the motions of the MCP joint?

FLX

EXT

ABD

ADD

What is the articulation of the IP joint?

head of phalanx with base of adjacent phalanx

WHat type of joint are the IP joints (DIP, PIP)?

hinge synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the IP joint?

palmar ligament (voler plate)

• what is injured if the finger gets hyperextended

What are the common motions of the IP joint?

• FLX

• EXT

What is the articulation of the humeroulnar joint?

trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna

What type of joint is the humeroulnar?

hinge synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the humeroulnar joint? List extrinsic/intrinsic

Ulnar Collateral Ligament (extrinsic)

• anterior band= ME to coronoid process

  • strongest, cord like

• posterior band= ME to olecronon

  • weakest, fan-like

• oblique band= coronoid process to olecronon of ulna

  • deepens socket where trochlea and trochlear notch interface

What are the movements and movers of the humeroulnar joint?

• FLX

  • biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and pronator teres (all primary)

• EXT

  • triceps brachii (all three heads) and anconeus (all primary)

WHat is an unique characteristic of the humeroulnar joint?

It makes up the carrying angle of 170 degrees where the forearm is positioned more lateral to the humerus

What is the articulation of the humeroradial joint?

capitulum of humerus with head of radius

What type of joint is the humeroradial joint?

ball and socket synovial

What is unique about the humeroradial joint?

creates the carrying angle of 170 degrees so the forearm is positioned lateral to the humerus when carrying something

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the humeroradial joint? List intrinsic or extrinsic

Extrinsic

Radial Collateral Ligament

• blend of 5 fibrous bands that also blend wiht the anular ligament

Anular Ligament

• starts from ulna, wraps around head of radius, and returns back to ulna

What are the movements and movers of the humeroradial joint?

• FLX

  • primary= biceps, brachialis, BRR, and PT

• EXT

  • primary= triceps and anconeus

• PRO

  • primary= PT, PQ

  • synergists= FCR, PL BRR

• SUP

  • primary= SUP and biceps

  • synergist= ECRL, EPL

What is the articulation of the proximal radioulnar joint?

radial notch of ulna with head of radius

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar?

pivot joint

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the radioulnar joint?

Intrinsic

• anular ligament

• quadrate ligament

What is unique about the proximal radioulnar joint?

carrying angle of 170 degrees

What are the movements and the movers of the proximal radioulnar joint?

PRO

• primary= PT, PQ

• synergist= PL, FCR, and BRR

SUP

• primary= SUP and biceps

• synergists= EPL, ECRL

What is the articulation of the distal radioulnar joint?

b/t the ulnar notch of radius and the head of ulna

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

pivot synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the distal radioulnar joint? List intrinsic or extrinsic

Extrinsic

• posterior radioulnar ligament

• anterior radioulnar ligament

• triangular ligament (TFCC)

  • binds radius and ulna together to seperate them from the proximal row of carpal bones

  • acts as a fulcrum for pivot rotations

What are the movements and movers of the distal radioulnar joint?

PRO

• primary= PT, PQ

• synergists= FCR, PL, BRR

SUP

• primary= SUP and biceps

• synergists= ECRL, EPL

What is unique about the distal radioulnar joint?

• contains an articular disc for PRO/SUP movements

• contains a sacciform recess that is slightly baggy above the joint to allow for more room for movements

What is the articulation of the interoseeous membrane?

b/t the shaft of the ulna and the shaft of the radius

What type of joint is the interosseous membrane?

syndesmosis- amphiarthroic fibrous

What is unique about the interosseous membrane?

contains an anterior and posterior layer that are offset by 90 degrees from each other

What type of joint is th costovertebral joint?

plane synovial

What is the articulation of the costovertebral joint?

the head of the rib with the superior articular facet of the same number veterbral body and the inferior articular facet of the next superior veterbral body

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the costovertebral joint?

Intrinsic

• interarticular ligament (b/t superior and inferior articular facets)

Extrinsic

• radiate ligament (provides anterior reinforcement to the joint)

What type of joint is the costotransverse joint?

plane synovial

What is the articulation of the costotransverse joint?

between tubercles of ribs with TP of same vertebrae

What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joint?

• costotransverse ligament (from neck of rib to TP, reinforces posteriorly)

• lateral costotransverse ligament (from tubercles of rib to tip of TP, reinforces posteriorly)

• superior costotransverse ligament (from crest of neck of rib to TP of superior vertebrae, passageway for intercostal a. and spinal n.)

• intertransverse ligament= from TP to TP

What are the unique characterisitcs of the costotransverse joint?

• main joint for respiration (especially ELEV and DEPR)

• sternal ends of ribs 1-6 are convex for primary "pump handle motions"

• sternal ends of ribs 7-10 are flat for primary "bucket handle motions”

What type of joint is the costochondral joint?

synchondrosis (synarthrotic cartilagenous)

What is the articulation of the interchondral joint?

connection of false ribs with true ribs

What types of joints are interchondral joints?

some are considered syndesmosis, but others are considered plane synovial

What type of joint is the manubriosternal (sternal angle of Louis) joint?

symphysis fibrocartilage

What is unique about the manybriosternal (sternal angle of Louis) joint?

it ossifies as we age and becomes very brittle with advanced age

What type of joint is the xyphosternal joint?

synchondrosis (hyaline)

What is the articulation of the xyphosternal joint?

inferior aspect of body with xyphoid process

What is the articulation of the sternocostal joint?

between the sternum and the costal cartilage of rib

What type of joint is the sternocostal joint?

rib 1

• synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

Ribs 2-7

• plane synovial

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the sternocostal joint, specific to rib 2?

Intrinsic

• intrarticular ligament (b/t the superior and inferior cavities)

Extrinsic

• anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligament

What is unique about the costovertebral joint?

Ribs 1,11,12 (sometimes 10) have an excpetion because they ONLY articulate wiht the vertebral body of the same number as rib number

What is the articulation of the lumbosacral joint?

the inferior articular facets of L5 with the superior articular facets of S1

What type of joint is the lumbosacral joint?

• the facets are plane synovial

• the IV discs b/t them are symphysis

What are the unique characteristics of the lumbosacral joint?

• the facets are orietned posteriomedially (S1) and anteriolaterally (L5) to prevent L5 from sliding forward off of S1

• S1 bears all the weight from everything above it

What is the articulation of the sacroiliac joint?

the auricular surfaces of the sacrum with the auricular surfaces of the ileum

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

irregular synovial

What is unique about the sacroiliac joint?

the articulating surfaces fit together like velcro that provides very minimal motion and are held together by large muscles that span the joint for more stability

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the sacroiliac joint?

• anterior SI lig

• posterior SI lig

• interosseous lig (b/t ant and post)

• sacrotuberous lig (holds sacrum down to prevent motion)

• sacrospinous lig (holds sacrum down to prevent motion)

What are the reinforcing ligaments of the sacrococcygeal joint?

• superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig

• deep posterior sacrococcygeal lig

• lateral sacrococcygeal lig

• anterior sacrococcygeal lig

What type of joint is the pubis symphysis?

symphysis (amphiarthrotic) joint

What is the articulation of the pubic symphysis joint?

between the symphyseal surfaces of the two pubic bones with a fibrocartilage disc between them

What is unique about the pubic symphysis joint?

this joint can move a little, especially during pregnancy when the relaxin hormone is reased to help relax the ligaments surrounding this joint and

What type of joint is the hip joint?

ball and socket

What is the articulation of the hip joint?

head of femur with the acetabulum of the innomenate