Health sci 1300B midterm

What is anatomy?

Scientific study of the bodies structure and components

What is physiology?

scientific study of the boides functions and activities

what is the importance of human anatomy?

-guiding treatments and therapies

- improving patient care

- promoting health and wellness

What are the impacts of stress?

- elvated cortisol impairs memory

- disruptions consolidation

- acute stress impairs working memroy

- moderate stress activate fight or flight and sharpen focus

What are the subdisciplines of anatomy?

1. gross anatomy

2. regional anatomy

3. systemic anatomy

4. surface anatomy

5. microscopic anatomy/histology

What is gross anatomy?

study of the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye

What is regional anatomy?

focused on structures within a specific body area

What is systemic anatomy?

focused on individual body systems

What is surface anatomy?

study of the general form and external body landmarks to relate to internal structures

What is microscopic anatomy/histology?

study of the tissues and cells to understand organ structure and function

What is developmental anatomy?

studies structures changes from fertilization to childhood

What is embryology?

studies structural chances from fertilization to 8 weeks of development; formation of major body structures

What is pathological anatomy?

studies structural changes due to disease

What is radiographic anatomy?

studies changes in internal structures with imaging techniques

What is functional morphology?

relationship between anatomy structures and their functional roles in the body

What is the strucutral organization of the body?

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

5. organ system level

6. organismal level

What are all the main systems of the body?

1. integumentary system

2. skeletal system

3. muscular system

4. nervous system

5. lymphatic system

6. respiratory system

7. digestive system

8.cardiovascular system

9.endocrine system

10. urinary system

11. reporductive system

What is the integumentary system?

Responsible for Forming external body covering,

Protecting deep tissues and Synthesizes vitamin D. It is the site of cutaneous receptors and

Includes accessory structures like Nails and hair glands.

What is the skeletal system purpose?

Protects and supports body organs

Provides a framework for muscles

Blood cells formed within bones

Stores minerals

What is the purpose the muscular system?

Enables movement

Manipulation of environment

Facial expression

Maintains posture

Produces heat

What is the nervous system?

Fast acting control system

Processes sensory information

Responds to internal and external changes

Activates muscles and glands

What is the purpose the lymphatic system/immunity?

Maintain fluid balance

Transport nutrients

Filters and remove waste

Houses white blood cells

Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

What is the purpose the digestive system?

Breaks down food into absorbable units

Process waste for elimination as feces

Involves in metabolism and energy production

What is the purpose the cardiovascular system?

Circulates blood throughout body

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

blood Delivers oxygen and carbon dioxide

provides nutrients and removes wastes

What is the purpose the endocrine system?

Regulates bodily functions

Glands secrete hormones that regulate: Growth, Reproduction, Nutrient use, Metabolism and Mood

What is urinary system purpose?

Eliminates waste from the blood

Produce and excrete urine

Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood

What is the male and famle repoductive system purpose?

Produce offspring

Gamete production

Produce sex hormones

Male ducts and glands deliver sperm

Female structures support fertilization and fetal development

Mammary glands produce milk

What are the units of measurement in anatomy?

1. meter

2. centimeter

3. micrometer

4.liter

5. milliliter

6.kilogram

7. gram

What is antomical terminology?

Standardized language to describe body structures, positions and locations

Based on ancient greek or latin

What is the anatomical position?

Most common visual reference point

Stands erect with feet together and eyes forward

Palms face anteriorly

Thumbs pointed away from the body

What are the regional terms?

Axial region: axis of body- head, neck, and trunk

appendicular : appendages

What are the directional terms?

Precise location of body structures in relation to another

Terms paired with their opposite

superior/inferior

anterior(ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)

Medial/lateral

superficial/deep

What is the superior or cranial mean?

towards the head end or upper part of structure or the body;above

What is the inferior or caudal?

away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure of the body below

What is medial?

toward or at the midline of the body: on the inner side of

What is lateral?

away from the midline of the body: on the outside of

What is proximal?

closer to the origin

WHat does distal mean?

father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

What is isolateral?

on the same side

What is contralateral?

on opposite sides

What is anterior (ventral)?

toward or at the front of the body

What is posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the back of the body

What is superficial (external)

tward or at the body surface

What is deep (internal)?

away from the body surface; more internal

What are the body and planes?

1.Saggital planes

2.Frontal (coronal) plane

3. Transverse plane

What is the Sagittal plane?

Vertical plane

Divide body into right and left

Median (midsagittal) plane rules along the midline

Parasagittal planes are offset from the midline

What is frontal/coronal plane?

Vertical plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

What is the transverse plane?

Horizontal plane

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

What is the Body cavities and membranes?

1. Dorsal body cavity

- Cranial cavity

- Vertbral cavity

2. Ventral body cavity

- Thoracic cavity

- Abdominopelvic cavity

What is Cranial cavity?

Located in the skull

Houses the brain, brainstem, and cranial nerves

Protects brain from injury

Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for cushioning and pressure regulation

What is the vertebral Cavity?

Extends along the spine

Encloses the spinal cord, spinal nerves and meninges

Protects spinal cord from injury

CSF cushions and nourishes the spinal cord

What is the Thoracic cavity?

Located above the diaphragm

2 lateral pleural cavities (surround each lung)

Central mediastinum (contains the hera, great vessels, treachea and esphagus)

Supports breathing protects vital organs

what is abdominopelivic cavity?

Extends from diagrpham to pelvic floor

Abdominal cavity: Liver, stoamch, kidneys, pangcreas, spleeen

Pelvic cavity: bladder, repoductive organs, rectum

Supports digestion, waste elimiantion and repoductions

Protects organs

Point to where all the cavity are on your body?

What is the serious cavities?

Fluid filled spaces lined withs serous membranes

Secrete lubricating serous fluid

Reduce frictions and provide protection

What are the layers serosa?

1.Parietal serosa

- outer layer lining body cavity walls

- reduces friction and anchors organs

2. Visceral serosa

-inner layer covering isceral organs

- provides a smooth, lubricated surface for movement

- continous at organ edges

what are the types of serous cavities?

1.Pleural cavity

2. Pericardial cavity

3. Peritoneal cavity

What is pleural cavity?

Serous cavity surrounding each lung

Contains pleural fluid for smooth lung movement during respiration

What is the cardial cavity?

- Surrounds the heart

- Contains pericardial fluid

- Provides lubrication and reduces as the heart beats

What Peritoneal cavity?

Located within the abdominal cavity

Surround abdominal organs

Contains peritoneal fluid for organ movement and expansion

What are the abdominal quadrants?

Right upper and left upper quadrants

Right lower and left lower quadrants

What is Microscopic anatomy?

Specimen is fixed, sectioned and stained to highlight anatomical structures

What is x ray?

X ray: uses short electromagnetic waves

Best for visualizing bones and dense structures

What is CAT Scan?

Computed axial tomography

- Takes succesive x rays around the body

- Computer creates detailed cross sectional images

What is angiography?

Contrast medium highlight vessels

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) subtracts pre-contrast images

What is Positron Emisson Tomography?

Ultrasound imaging

Pusles of high frequency sound waves echo off body tissues

Visualize tissue and developing fetuses

What is Magnetic Resonance imaging?

- Produces high contrast images of soft tissues

- Distinguishes tissues by water content

What is the skin?

Largest body organ

7 percent of body weight

1.5 to 4.4 mm thick

2 layers

Epdiermis

Dermis

What is the hypodermis?

Subcutaneous layer, lies deep to the dermis

Composed of areolar and adipose tissues

1. Insulation

2. Shock absorption

3. Energy storage

4. Anchoring

What are the 5 functions of the skin?

1. Protection

2. Body temperature regulation

3. Excretion

4. Production of vitamin D

5. Sensory reception

What is the epidermis?

Outermost skin layer

Protective barrier between body and environment

Made from Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Avascular

Regnerationsers every 28-30 days in adults

Epi means upon and dermis means skin

What are the main cell types of the epidermis?

1. Keratinocytes

2. melanocytes

3. tactile epithelial cells

4. dendritic cells

What are keratinocytyes?

Most abundant epiderma; cells

Produced in the deepest layer

Create keratin for strength and water resistance

Produce antibiotics and enzymes

Dead at the skins surface

What is a melanocytes

Found in the stratum basel, hair follicles, inner ear, and eye

Protective from UV damage

Determines skin, hair and eye colour

Types of eumelanin and pheomelanin

- Impacted by genetic sun exposure and hormones

What is eumelanin and pheomelanin?

What are the two melanocyte disorders?

- hyperpigmentation: overactive melanocytes

- hypopigmentation: underactive melanocytes

What is the tactile epithelial cells?

Merkel cells

Mechanoreceptors for light touch and pressure

In basal layer (fingertips/ palms)Transmit tactile signals to sensory nerve ending

Alert to harmful stimuli

what is the dendritic cells?

Largerhans cells

Found in the stratum spinosum

Part of the immune system

Monitor and process pathogens

Protect against infections and skin diseases

What are the layers of the epidermis

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale (stratum geminativum)

"Come Lets Get Sun Burned"

What is the Stratum corneum?

Horny layer

Thick layer of dead keratinocytes

Protects against abrasion and penetration

What is the stratum Lucidum?

Clear layer

Found only in thick skin (palms, soles)

Few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

What is the stratum granulosum?

Few layer of keratinocytes

Keratohyalin granules form keratin

Lamellar granules contain waterproofing glycolipid

Cells above this layer lack nutrient access

What is the stratum spinosum?

"Spiny" appearance

Contains intermediate filaments for strength and flexibility

Houses keratinocytes and dendritic cells

Provides mechanical stress resistance

What is the stratum basale?

Deepest epidermal layer, attached to dermis

Cells actively divide

Contains tactile epithelial cells and melanocytes

What is the dermis?

Strong, flexible connective tissue

Rich with blood vessels and nerves

Layeres

1. Papillary dermis

Superficial layer

2. Reticular

Deeper layer

What is the papillary dermis?

Includes dermal papillae

Increases surface area for gas, nutrient and waste exchange

Nourishes epidermis via capillaries

Receptors for light touch and vibration

Regulate body temperature

What is the epidermal ridges?

Friction ridges

Dermal elections that increase grip

Fingerprints, unique pattern for identification

What is the reticular dermis?

80 percent of dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue

Rich nerve supply for pressure and pain sensation

Vascular plexuses for nutrient delivery and temperature regulation

comprises of Dermal plexus and Subpapillaiary plexus

What is the cleavage lines and flexure lines?

Cleavage lines:

Separation between collagen fibers

Provide skin strength

In the dermis

Flexure lines:

Deep creases in palms, wrists, soles, fingers, and toes

What is the hypodermis?

Beneath the skin, this layer of areolar and adipose tissue anchors the skin, insulates, stores energy, cushions, and varies in distribution by sex.

How is skin colour determined?

Melanin: main pigment, made from tyrosine

Carotene: yellow-orange pigment from foods, adds warm hue

Hemoglobin: oxygenated blood gives rosy undertone in light skinned individuals

What is the nail?

Scalelike epidermal modification made of hard keratin

What is the parts of the nail?

Free edge: extends past fingertip

Nail plate: covers nail bed

Root: base of nail

Nail folds: skin around nail

Eponychium: cuticle

What is hair?

Found everywhere except palms and soles

Flexible strand of dead, keratinized cells

What is the parts of the hair?

Root: embedded in skin

Shaft: projects above skins surface

Made of tough, durable hard keratin

What is the hair structure?

3 concentric layer of keratinized cells

1.Medulla -central core

2. cortex - surrounds medulla

3. Cuticle - outermost layer

What is the additional hair strucutres?

Hair follicles: structure in skin where hair grows

Hair bulb: base contain matrix for hair and pigment production

Root plexus: sensory nerve network around hair bulb

What is the arrector pili muscle?

Smooth muscle attached to hair follicle

Hair stand erect when arrector pili contracts

Goosebumps

Thermoregulation and protection

What are the types of growth of hair?

1. Vellus hairs

2. Terminal hairs

3. Lanugo

What is vellus hair?

- Fine, short, lightly pigmented

- Covered body, especially face, neck, arms

- Light insulation and sensory perception (airflow, touch)

- Present in children and adults