Properties and Laws of Gases and Solutions

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary related to the properties and laws of gases and solutions, preparing students for their exam.

Gas

A state of matter consisting of small particles that occupy a much larger volume than the volume of the molecules alone.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

The theory describing the behavior of gas particles, which states that gases move randomly with high velocities and are in constant motion.

Pressure (P)

The force exerted by a gas against the walls of its container, measured in atmospheres (atm), mmHg, torr, or pascal (Pa).

Volume (V)

The space occupied by a gas, typically measured in liters (L) or milliliters (mL).

Temperature (T)

A measure of the kinetic energy and rate of motion of gas particles, essential for calculations, commonly measured in Kelvin (K).

Amount (n)

The quantity of gas present in a container, often measured in grams (g) or moles (mol).

Boyle's Law

States that the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume when temperature is constant (P1V1 = P2V2).

Charles's Law

States that the volume of a gas is directly related to its temperature when pressure is constant (V1/T1 = V2/T2).

Gay-Lussac's Law

States that the pressure of a gas is directly related to its temperature when volume is constant (P1/T1 = P2/T2).

Avogadro's Law

States that the volume of a gas is directly related to the number of moles of gas when pressure and temperature are constant (V1/n1 = V2/n2).

Ideal Gas Law

The equation PV = nRT that relates pressure, volume, temperature, and the amount of gas.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases (PT = P1 + P2 + …).

Electrolytes

Substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, conducting electricity.

Non-electrolytes

Substances that do not dissociate into ions in solution and do not conduct electricity.

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, affecting boiling point, freezing point, and vapor pressure.

Osmosis

The flow of water from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

Isotonic Solution

A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution, resulting in no net movement of water.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than another solution, causing cells to swell and potentially burst.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than another solution, causing cells to shrink.