Pharmacology and IV Therapy Fundamentals

These flashcards cover drug nomenclature, federal legislation and schedules, the stages of new drug development, and intravenous therapy equipment and complications.

Biosimilar

A biologic product that is close in structure and function to an existing approved biologic product.

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP)/National Formulary (NF)

The official source for American drug standards.

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)

A primary piece of US drug legislation enacted in 1938.

Contaled Substance Art (1970)

Defined 5 classifications/schedules of controlled substances.

Schedule 1 Controlled Substance

High abuse potential with no medical use; include examples like heroin and cocaine.

Schedule 2 Controlled Substance

High abuse potential with some medical use, such as pentobarbital.

Schedule 3 Controlled Substance

High abuse potential with some medical use, such as codeine.

Schedule 4 Controlled Substance

Low abuse potential with some medical use, such as diazepam.

Schedule 5 Controlled Substance

Low abuse potential where a prescription is not needed, such as Robitussin.

Preclinical research phase

The first stage of new drug development; involves research and development and commonly takes $18\,\text{months}$.

Clinical Research and development

The second stage of drug development; can take up to $10\,\text{years}$ but commonly lasts $5\,\text{years}$.

New Drug Application (NDA) Review

The third stage of drug development, which lasts an average of $17\,\text{months}$.

Post-marketing Surveillance

The fourth stage of drug development used to see if the drug is effective and functioning as desired.

Drugs

Chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms.

Biologic Therapy

A new class of drugs consisting of large, complex proteins manufactured in a living system to treat disorders attacking the body's own organs, tissues, and cells.

Chemical Name

Significant to chemists to understand the make-up of a drug.

Generic Name

The official name listed by the FDA; not capitalized and used by formularies.

Brand or Trademark Name

The name registered by manufacturers, which is always capitalized.

Intracellular Compartment

The fluid compartment located inside cells.

Intravascular Compartment

The fluid compartment including blood vessels, arteries, and capillaries.

Interstitial Compartment

The fluid compartment located between cells.

Macrodrip

A drip chamber that delivers $10$, $15$, or $20\,\text{drops/mL}$.

Microdrip

A drip chamber that delivers $60\,\text{drops/mL}$.

Formula for drops/min

$$\frac{\text{mL of Solution}}{\text{Hours of admin}} \times \frac{\text{Drops (drip factor)}}{60\,\text{mins}} = \text{drops/min}$$

Peripheral Access Devices

Devices for short-term use in peripheral veins of the hand or forearm.

Midline Catheters

Catheters inserted into intermediate-sized veins and advanced into larger vessels.

Central Access Device Sites

Typically established in the subclavian, jugular, or femoral veins.

Implantable Infusion Ports

Used for long-term therapy in central veins; accessed with a $90^\circ$ Huber needle.

Tunneled central venous catheters

Surgically placed catheters where the proximal end exits on the chest.

IV Complications

Includes phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, infection, septicemia, infiltration, extravasation, air embolus, circulatory overload, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, and speed shock.