Bio stuff to work on

Cardiovascular System

The cardiac cycle relies on the importance of valves and pressure to ensure proper circulation

Blood Vessels

Blood moves through each type of vessel via the specific roles of muscle valves and pressure

Blood Transfusions

It is essential to understand agglutination and the distinction between compatible and incompatible blood types

Agglutination

The clumping of red blood cells caused by incompatible blood types during a transfusion

Compatible Blood Types

Blood types that can be safely mixed without causing agglutination

Incompatible Blood Types

Blood types that trigger agglutination when mixed together

Bypass Surgery

A surgical procedure that reroutes blood flow around a blocked artery

Angioplasty

A procedure that widens a narrowed or blocked blood vessel

Valve Repair or Replacement

A surgical treatment used to correct damaged heart valves

Beta Blockers

Medications that reduce heart rate and blood pressure to treat cardiovascular conditions

TPA

A medication that dissolves blood clots to restore blood flow

Respiratory System

The process of breathing is driven by pressure changes within the thoracic cavity

Inhalation

The process of drawing air into the lungs

Exhalation

The process of expelling air from the lungs

Thoracic Cavity

The chest cavity where pressure changes allow breathing to occur

Pleura

A membrane surrounding the lungs that reduces friction during breathing

Pleural Fluid

A lubricating fluid between pleural membranes that allows smooth lung movement

Excretory System

A system responsible for removing metabolic wastes and maintaining internal balance

Digestive System Excretory Role

Excretes bilirubin through bile and feces

Bilirubin

A waste product excreted through bile and feces

Liver

Processes drugs toxins and other waste substances

Kidneys

Organs that eliminate nitrogenous wastes regulate water balance and maintain acid base balance

Nitrogenous Wastes

Waste products containing nitrogen that are removed by the kidneys

Osmoregulation

The regulation of water and solute concentrations in the body

Acid Base Balance

The maintenance of stable pH levels in body fluids

Kidney Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney

Kidney Medulla

The inner region of the kidney

Renal Pelvis

A funnel shaped structure that collects urine before it enters the ureter

Renal Artery

The blood vessel that brings blood to the kidney

Renal Vein

The blood vessel that carries filtered blood away from the kidney

Ureter

A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Collecting Duct

A structure that collects urine from nephrons and transports it to the renal pelvis

Urinary Bladder

An organ that stores urine before elimination

Urethra

A tube that carries urine out of the body

Internal Urinary Sphincter

An involuntary muscle that controls urine release from the bladder

External Urinary Sphincter

A voluntary muscle that controls urination

Kidney Disease

A condition that impairs normal kidney function

Diabetes

A disease that can damage glomerular capillaries and lead to kidney disease

High Blood Pressure

A condition that can damage capillary walls over time and contribute to kidney disease

Burning Urination

A possible warning sign of kidney problems

Blood in the Urine

A possible warning sign of kidney problems

Swelling in the Hands or Feet

A possible warning sign of kidney problems

Back or Flank Pain

A possible warning sign of kidney problems

Nervous System

A system that coordinates body functions through electrical and chemical signals

Somatic Nervous System

Responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles and external senses

Frontal Lobe

Controls decision making movement and speech

Parietal Lobe

Responsible for sensory processing and spatial awareness

Temporal Lobe

Responsible for hearing and language comprehension

Thalamus

A sensory relay station that directs information to the brain

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms

Melatonin

A hormone that helps regulate sleep and circadian rhythms

Circadian Rhythms

The natural daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness

Midbrain

Controls visual and auditory reflexes

Pons

Relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum and helps regulate breathing rhythms

Sensory Neurons

Neurons that carry information from receptors to the central nervous system

Motor Neurons

Neurons that carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands

Interneurons

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system

Cell Body Soma

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and controls cell activities

Dendrites

Branch like extensions that receive signals from other neurons and carry them toward the cell body

Axon

A long extension that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

Myelin Sheath

A fatty insulating layer around the axon that speeds up nerve impulse transmission

Schwann Cells

Cells that produce the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath where nerve impulses jump to increase transmission speed

Axon Terminal

The end of an axon that releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells