Skeletal system analab

Skeleton

comes from a Greek word meaning dried up body

Newborn human

has 270 bones

Adult human

has 206 bones

Bones

Support of the body (framework)

Bones

Protection of soft organs

Hematopoiesis

the process by which the body produces all types of blood cells. It occurs primarily in the bone marrow.

blood

"hema" means?

production or formation

"poiesis" means?

Bones

Provide structure and support, protect vital organs, enable movement, store minerals, and house bone marrow for blood cell production.

Joints

Allow movement between bones and provide flexibility and stability

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

What are the types of bones?

Joints

Hold bones together

synarthroses

immovable joints

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints

diarthroses

freely moveable joints

fibrous joints

bones are connected by dense fibrous
connective tissue, and these joints are generally immovable.

cartilaginous joints

Bones are connected by cartilage, and
these joints allow for slight movement

synovial joints

are characterized by a fluid-filled joint
capsule, allowing for a wide range of movement

plane joint

other term for gliding joint?

cartilages

Provide support and flexibility, reduce
friction, and cushion joints

hyaline cartilage

Most common, found in the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones (articular cartilage).

elastric cartilage

Flexible, found in the outer ear (auricle)
and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Strong and durable, found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis and menisci (knee cartilage).

ligaments

Connect bones to other bones, providing stability and reduce friction, and cushion joints.

Tendons

Connect muscles to bones, enabling
movement.

Range of Motion

ROM means?

Flexion

Decreases the angle between two body parts (e.g., bending the elbow or knee)

extension

Increases the angle between two body parts (e.g., straightening the arm or leg).

Circumduction

A circular or conical motion of a body part, typically involving a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., moving the arm in a circular motion).

Diaphysis

Composed of compact
bone

Epiphysis

composed of spongy bone

proximal

Toward the trunk; Near the origin

distal

Away from the trunk; Far from the origin

Abduction

Moves a body part away from the midline of the body (e.g., raising the arm or leg to the side).

Adduction

Moves a body part toward the midline of the body (e.g., lowering the arm or leg back to the side).

medial rotation

Rotates a body part toward the midline (e.g., turning the arm inward).

lateral rotation

Rotates a body part away from the midline (e.g., turning the arm outward).

Supination

Rotates the palm upward or forward (e.g., turning the hand so the palm faces up).

pronation

Rotates the palm downward or backward (e.g., turning the hand so the palm faces down).

Dorsiflexion

Decreases the angle between the foot and the leg, raising the foot upward (e.g., pointing the toes up).

plantarflexion

Increases the angle between the foot and the leg, pointing the toes downward (e.g., standing on tiptoes).

opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers (e.g., pinching with the thumb and fingers).

Reposition

Moving the thumb back to its anatomical position from opposition.

Elevation

Moves a body part superiorly (e.g., shrugging the shoulders)

Depression

Moves a body part inferiorly (e.g., lowering the shoulders).

compact bone and spongy bone

Two basic types of bone tissue?

compact bone

dense/hard type of bone tissue

spongy bone

also known as trabecular bone or cancellous bone

diaphysis

Composed of compact bone

epiphysis

mostly composed of spongy bone

Periosteum

Outside covering of the diaphysis

Arteries

Supply bone cells with nutrients

Articular cartilage

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

Medullary cavity and the yellow marrow

Cavity of the shaft

hyaline cartilage

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily composed of what?

ossification

process that replaces much of the cartilage with bone. This is crucial for the formation of a mature skeleton

Epiphyseal plates

allow for growth of long bone during childhood

Epiphysis

one of the rounded ends or tips of a long bone

Diaphysis

Shaft or central part of the long bone

metaphysis

the neck portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

Apophysis

a bony projection that attaches muscles, ligaments, and tendons to bones.

physis

also known as growth plate

bone growth

Bones are remodeled and lengthened
until growth stops

osteogenesis

refers to the formation of new bone during growth or healing

bone remodeling

the constant renewal and reshaping
of bone, balancing bone resorption and bone formation

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells

Bone fracture

A break in a bone

closed (simple) fracture

break that does not penetrate the skin

open (compound) fracture

broken bone penetrates through the skin

comminuted fracture

common type of fracture when bone breaks into many fragments

compression fracture

bone is crushed

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

transverse fraction

A straight horizontal break across the bone.

Linear fraction

A fracture that runs parallel to the length of the bone.

oblique fracture

An angled break across the bone, usually occurring at a sloped line.

spiral fracture

A helical or spiral-shaped fracture, often caused by twisting or rotational forces.

greenstick fracture

An incomplete fracture where the bone bends and cracks on one side without breaking all the way through.

comminuted fracture

A fracture that results in the bone being broken into three or more pieces.

hematoma formation

(blood-filled swelling) is formed

fibrocartilage formation

Break is splinted by ____________ to form a soft callus, fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus.

bony callus formation

is remodeled to form a permanent patch