Psychology of Plans, Goals, Mindsets, and Personal Control Beliefs

Vocabulary flashcards covering chapters 7, 8, and 9 on plans, goals, cognitive mindsets, and personal control beliefs.

TOTE Model

The essential motivational process underlying a plan, standing for Test, Operate, Test, Exit.

Test (TOTE Model)

The phase of the TOTE model where the current state is compared to the ideal state.

Operate (TOTE Model)

The phase of the TOTE model where one acts on the environment to realize the ideal state.

Exit (TOTE Model)

The phase that occurs when the current state matches the ideal state.

Discrepancy

A condition exposed when the current state falls short of the ideal state.

Discrepancy Reduction

A reactive process revolving around feedback that aim to close the gap between current and ideal states.

Discrepancy Creation

A proactive process that involves setting a "higher" goal.

Short-term Goals

Goals that provide immediate reinforcement and are better suited for uninteresting tasks.

Long-term Goals

Goals that facilitate intrinsic motivation on interesting tasks.

Mindsets

The cognitive framework that guides attention and how an individual interprets information.

Deliberative Mindset

A mindset focused on motivation and goal setting where attention is "cast wide" to evaluate the desirability and feasibility of options.

Implemental Mindset

A mindset focused on volition and goal striving that shields a person from distractions and closed-minded thinking.

Promotion Mindset

An advancement-based regulatory style striving for gains and guided by the "ideal self," where success is the presence of a gain.

Prevention Mindset

A security-based regulatory style striving for safety and guided by the "ought self," where success is the absence of a loss.

Regulatory Fit

A state where a mindset matches a goal-striving strategy, making it "feel right" and increasing performance.

Expectancy

A person's subjective prediction of how likely it is that an event will occur.

Grit

A determination that "blends with" passion and predicts long-term goal achievement.

Mental Toughness

A quality best developed through exposure to challenges and overcoming them.

Resilience

The ability to bounce back after a significant life setback or trauma.

Buoyancy

Everyday resilience that fosters a "can-do" attitude toward daily hassles.

Learned Helplessness

A state occurring when an individual learns that outcomes are independent of their behavior, resulting in motivational, cognitive, and emotional deficits.

Optimistic Explanatory Style

A style that attributes failure to external, unstable, and controllable factors.

Pessimistic Explanatory Style

A style that attributes failure to internal, stable, and uncontrollable factors.