Anesthesia Exam 4 Weird Drugs
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40 Terms
Is acepromazine recommended in ruminants?
No it is not FDA approved for food animals and is not recommended
Which sedative is much more potent in ruminants and should be used at about 1/10 the equine dose?
Xylazine
Which ruminant species is most sensitive to xylazine?
Goats
What are the major risks of xylazine in ruminants?
Rumen atony, bloat, bradycardia, respiratory depression
What unique pulmonary complication can xylazine cause in sheep and goats?
Pulmonary edema and hemorrhage
Why is xylazine dangerous in late pregnancy?
It has oxytocin like effects causing premature delivery
Are anticholinergics typically used in ruminants?
No
Why are anticholinergics avoided in ruminants?
They increase viscosity of secretions and decrease GI motility causing bloat
What effect can opioids cause in ruminants?
Excitement or vocalization
Which opioid is most commonly used in ruminants?
Butorphanol
Are morphine and hydromorphone commonly used in cattle?
No
Is buprenorphine commonly used in cattle?
No
How is ketamine typically used in ruminants?
Combined with a benzodiazepine
Why should ketamine and midazolam not be used for C sections?
They cause neonatal depression and reduce likelihood of spontaneous breathing
What is the key rule about drugs in C sections?
Most drugs cross the placenta so use short acting reversible drugs
Which opioids are preferred in C sections?
Pure mu agonists because they are reversible
Why is buprenorphine not ideal in C sections?
It is highly protein bound does not cross placenta well is hard to reverse and provides less analgesia
Which drug classes should be avoided in pediatric patients?
Acepromazine and alpha 2 agonists
Why are acepromazine and alpha 2 agonists avoided in pediatrics?
They cause bradycardia which young animals do not tolerate well
What is a concern with opioids in pediatric patients?
They can cause bradycardia
What should be given or available when using opioids in pediatric patients?
An anticholinergic and naloxone
Which anticholinergic is preferred in pediatrics and why?
Glycopyrrolate because it lasts longer and causes less tachycardia than atropine
What is a concern with midazolam in pediatric patients?
It can cause excitement and requires liver metabolism
What is the rule about ketamine use in small mammals and rabbits?
Do not use ketamine alone
What should ketamine be combined with in small mammals and rabbits?
An alpha 2 agonist
Why do small mammals and rabbits not need fasting?
They do not vomit
What is a major anesthetic risk in small mammals?
Hypothermia
What is important for rabbit anesthesia premedication?
Always premedicate
What drug combinations are very useful in rabbits?
Alfaxalone combinations
Which benzodiazepine provides good sedation in rabbits?
Midazolam
Which inhalants are commonly used in rabbits?
Isoflurane and sevoflurane
Why can reptiles have prolonged recovery on oxygen?
Low oxygen drives respiration so high oxygen delays recovery
What should reptiles recover on after anesthesia?
Room air
Why is Telazol controversial in tigers?
It may cause sudden death
Which drugs are unreliable in bears due to sudden recoveries?
Ketamine based combinations
What drug is more reliable in bears?
Telazol
Why is propofol not commonly used in horses?
Cost large volume and poor quality induction
Which drug provides excellent induction but rougher recovery in horses?
Telazol
What is a common induction combo in horses?
Ketamine and benzodiazepine after alpha 2 sedation
Why is alfaxalone not commonly used in horses?
It is very expensive