bio paper 1 mistakes

role of micelles in the absorption of fats into the cells lining the ileum?

micelles include bile salts and fatty acids

they make the fatty acids more soluble in water;

bring fatty acids to cell/lining of the ileum

maintain higher concentration of fatty acids at cells lining ileum

so fatty acids absorbed by ileum via diffusion;

why would the rate of blood flow have not started to increase in the aorta despite the pressure in the left ventricle beginning to increase?

ventricle has contacted, however its pressure/pressure behind SL valve is not greater than that of the aorta

therefore valve remains closed and blood cant flow in yet

after blood flows into the aorta, why does its pressure a rate increase then decrease slightly?

aorta tissue elastically recoils

maintaining blood pressure

how does ethanol affect the phospholipid bilayer?

phospholipids dissolve in ethanol

how does acid affect the phospholipid bilayer?

acid denatures the membrane proteins

how to prepare colour standards to use absorbance to find concentration if you do not have a colorimeter?

use a known concentration solution

to prepare dilution series

compare unknown with colour standards to give concentration

how can an enzyme can be phosphorylated?

inorganic phosphate provided from ATP hydrolysis attaches to enzymes

if more DNA polymerase is stimulated how does this affect mitosis?

shortens interphase/DNA replicates quicker

so faster mitosis

how can one antibody be specific to two things?

if the two things have a similar structure

the antibody binding site can be complimentary to both, and will be able to form antigen/antibody complexes with both

non-coding base sequences?

DNA that does not code for polypeptides

positioned between genes

things to question in evaluation questions?

sample size

are other factors affecting the increase/decrease of something

is it true for all species

do you know the size/age/gender

is the time frame too short

stats test

do sd overlap

gene mutation?

change in DNA base sequence resulting the formation of a new allele

how can a gene mutation have no effect on an individual?

genetic code is degenerate or mutation is in an intron so amino acid sequence may not change

new amino acid coded for may change amino acid sequence but tertiary may stay the same

new allele may be recessive so doesn’t influence phenotype

how can a gene mutation have a positive effect on an individual?

change in polypeptide positively changes the properties of the protein

may result in increased reproductive success + survival chances