AP World History Unit 4

Portuguese in Southeast and East Asia

The ruthless Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque won a short but bloody battle with Arab traders and set up a factory at Malacca in present-day Indonesia. He had previously served as governor of Portuguese India, sending strings of Indians' ears home to Portugal as evidence of his conquests.

Europeans used agricultural land more intensively than did American Indians. For example, colonists cut down trees to clear areas for planting crops, and they created large fields that they cultivated year after year. As a result, deforestation and soil depletion became problems in the Americas. In addition, European often lived in more densely populated communities than did American Indians. This increased the strain on water resources and created more concentrated areas of pollution

Environmental impact of conquest

Overpowered by superior weapons and decimated by disease, many native populations declined, dissipated, or were forced to submit to new rulers and a new religion

What helped cause the natives' downfall?

Colombian Exchange

The interaction of indigenous American, European, and African culture. In the process, the Eastern and Western Hemispheres became linked in a new way, sharing disease, foods, and animals.

The Columbian Exchange had far-reaching effects beyond dramatic changes in population and biodiversity. It also contributed to a changing global economy, sometimes with unintended consequences. For example, Spain successfully mined silver in the Americas. However, this silver sparked inflation in Spain, which contributed to the downfall of the Spanish Empire.

What was the global impact of the Columbian Exchange?

Until the arrival of Columbus, the people of the western and Eastern Hemispheres had been almost completely isolated from each other. For that reason, the indigenous people of the Americas had no exposure—and therefore no immunity—to the germs and diseases brought by Europeans.

Why were natives susceptible to European diseases?

European horses, gunpowder, and metal weapons helped conquer indigenous Americans, but disease was responsible for majority of deaths

What helped Europeans conquer the New World?

Spanish soldiers, called conquistadors, such as Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortez brought smallpox with them. Smallpox pathogens are spread through the respiratory system. When Europeans, who were largely immune after millennia of exposure in Afro-Eurasia, had face-to-face contact with indigenous populations, they infected these populations with the deadly disease.

What is small pox and how is it spread?

As colonists began to settle in the Americas, so did insects, rats, and other disease-carrying animals. Measles, influenza, and malaria, in addition to smallpox, also killed many native peoples of the Americas.

What animals helped spread disease in the New World and what diseases were spread?

Impact of disease on the New World

The indigenous population of the Americas fell by more than 50 percent through disease alone in less than a century. Some American lands lost up to 90 percent of their original populations. It was one of the greatest population disasters in human history.

Mesoamerican diet pre-contact

Before the exchange began around 1500, Mesoamerican peoples consumed very little meat. Although contemporary Mexican food sold in the US is reliant on pork, beef, and cheese, the indigenous people of Mexico knew nothing of pigs or cows until Europeans introduced them. These animals, along with Mediterranean foods such as wheat and grapes, were introduced to the Western Hemisphere and eventually became staples of the American diet.

Horses transformed the culture of the American Indians living in the Plains region. With the arrival of the horse, Indians could hunt buffalo on horseback so efficiently—and over a larger region—that they had a surplus of food. That efficiency gave them more time for other pursuits, such as art and spirituality. However, competition and even armed conflict among tribes increased, with those having the most horses having the most power.

What was the impact of the horse on the New World?

Even though slave traders kidnapped millions of Africans from their homelands, populations grew in Africa during the 16th and 17th centuries. That population growth happened because of the nutritious foods that were introduced to the continent. Yams and manioc, for example, were brought to Africa and Brazil.

Why did Africa's population grow in the 16th and 17th centuries despite the slave trade?

silver

Which commodity did Spain initially export from the New World?

sugar, tobacco

List the cash crops grown in the New World.

Sugar's profitability in European markets dramatically increased the number of Africans captures and sold through the transatlantic slave trade. Sugar cultivation in Brazil demanded the constant importation of African labor. African laborers were so numerous in Brazil that their descendants became the majority population of the region.

How did cash crops such as sugar lead to the trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?

Africans were not able to transplant their languages to the Americas. Since captives were taken from myriad African cultural groups, most did not share a common language. Understandably, they found it difficult, if not impossible, to communicate en route. Because of their linguistic isolation on the ships and in the Americas, most Africans lost their languages after a generation. In spite of this forced isolation from their cultures, West Africans managed to combine European colonizer's languages with parts of their West African languages and grammatical patterns to create new languages known broadly as creole.

Describe the African Diaspora in terms of language

Africans brought their music with them. The syncopated rhythms and percussion they used influenced later styles of today's music. One reason many African descendants maintained their musical traditions was because enslaved Africans in America used them as a means of survival. They sang tunes from home to help them endure long workdays as well as to communicate with other Africans, such as when planning an escape. They created Negro spirituals and the banjo

Describe the African Diaspora in terms of music

In addition to rice and okra, Africans brought their knowledge of how to prepare these foods. The dish known as gumbo has roots in African cooking.

Describe the African Diaspora in terms of food.

Crops that went from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere

Sugar, Wheat, Barley, Okra, Rice, Oranges, Grapes, Lettuce, Coffee

Animals that went from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere

Horses Oxen Pigs Cattle Sheep Goats Mosquitoes Rats Chickens

Crops that went from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere

Potatoes, Maize, Manioc, Tobacco, Cacao, Peanuts

Animals that went from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere

Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

To search for new routes to Asia because of Italian cities' monopolies. Explorers were interested in converting others to Christianity. To compete with other empires in the New World.

What were the political reasons for exploration?

Explorers hoped to find riches overseas, especially gold and silver.

What were the economic reasons for exploration?

By controlling access to the trade routes, the Italians controlled prices of Asian imports to Europe.

Why did Italian cities have a monopoly on trade of Asian goods in Europe?

Christopher Columbus

who is credited with "discovering" the New World

Conquests brought new wealth to states through the collection of taxes and through new trading opportunities. In time it also brought great material wealth, especially in silver, to European states.

How did conquests bring new wealth to states?

Rivalries among European states stoked efforts to expand before another power might claim a territory. Religion was also a motivating force for exploration and expansion. Many Europeans believed that it was their Christian duty to seek out people in other lands to convert them.

How were rivalries and religion motivating forces for European exploration?

Spreading religion. wealth, rivalry

Why were states involved in maritime exploration?

countries set policies designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries—in order to maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country—and to buy as few as possible from other countries—to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country.

How did countries use mercantilism?

Prince Henry the Navigator

First European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold. Under him, Portugal began importing enslaved Africans by sea, replacing the overland slave trade.

While he never sailed far enough out to sea to lose sight of land, he strongly supported exploration. He financed expeditions along Africa's Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good hope. With his backing, Portugal explored African coastal communities and kingdoms before other European powers.

Bartholomew Diaz

sailed around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488, into waters his crew did not know. Diaz feared a mutiny if he continued pushing eastward, so he returned home.

Vasco De Gama

sailed farther east than Diaz, landing in India in 1498. There he claimed territory as part of Portugal's empire. The Portuguese ports in India were a key step in expanding Portugal's trade in the Indian Ocean and with points farther east.

They led the way in European exploration and maritime innovations

Describe Portugal's role in early European exploration

Vasco De Gama, Bartholomew Diaz, Prince Henry the Navigator

Which three people led the way for the Portuguese in Africa and India?

Initial Portuguese visits had little impact on Chinese society. But the traders were followed by Roman Catholic missionaries who worked to gain converts among the Chinese court elite. The Jesuits soon followed and tried to win over the Chinese court elite. Scientific and technical knowledge were the keys to success at the court. Jesuit missionaries in Macau such as Matteo Ricci (Italian) and Adam Schall von Bell (German) impressed the Chinese with their learning. However, they failed to win many converts among the hostile scholar-gentry, who considered them barbaric.

Portuguese impact on China

To ensure control of trade, the Portuguese had constructed a series of forts stretching from Hormuz on the Persian Gulf to Goa in western India to Malacca on the Malay Peninsula. The aims of the fort construction were to establish a monopoly over the spice trade in the area and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Hormuz. The Portuguese also restricted Indian Ocean trade to those who were willing to buy permits.

Portugal's entry to Indian Ocean trade

Trading post empire; Portugal

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples. WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE?

Portugal was a small nation, lacking the workers and the ships necessary for the enforcement of a large trade empire. Many Portuguese merchants ignored their government and traded independently, Corruption among government officials also hampered the trading empire, By the 17th century, Dutch and English rivals were challenging the Portuguese in East Asia, including islands that are today part of Malaysia and Portuguese, The Dutch captured Malacca and attempted to monopolize the spice trade. As a result, the English focused on India, pushing the Portuguese out of South Asia.

What elements made Portugal's empire vulnerable?

Spanish ships, however, became the first to circumnavigate the globe when the government sponsored the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan. He died on the voyage in the Philippine Islands in 1522, but one of the ships in his fleet mad it around the world, proving that the earth could be circumnavigated.

Which nation was the first to circumnavigate the globe? Which explorer is credited with the circumnavigation? Did he really make it all the way around the world?

Annexation

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

Philippines

Which area of Indian Ocean trade did the Spanish annex?

Manila became a Spanish commercial center in the area, attracting Chinese merchants and others.

What is the significance of Manila in Spanish exploration?

Because of the Portuguese and Spanish occupations, many Filipinos became Christians.

What was the religious impact of Spanish exploration in the Philippines?

European interest in the Americas was rekindled when the Spanish came into contact with the two major empires in the region, the Aztecs in Mesoamerica and the Incas in South America. These empires had the gold and silver that made exploration, conquest, and settlement profitable.

What rekindled Europe's interest in exploration after little initial success?

In addition, Europeans soon realized that, by used enslaved Native Americans and later enslaved Africans, they could grow wealthy by raising sugar, tobacco, and other valuable crops.

What was slavery's impact on continued exploration?

galleon

China was a particularly enthusiastic consumer of this silver from the Western hemisphere. Silver, for example, made its way from what is now Mexico across the Pacific Ocean to East Asia in heavily armed Spanish ships known as this that made stops in the Philippines. The impressive Manila ships allowed the silver trade to flourish.

At the trading post in Manila, Europeans exchanged silver for luxury goods such as silk and spices, and even for gold bullion. Indeed, the Chinese government soon began using silver as its main form of currency. By the early 17th century, silver had become a dominant force in the global economic system.

What was silver's role in the global economy?

northwest passage

a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the precious trade in spices and luxury goods.

Jacques Cartier

sailed from the Atlantic Ocean into the St. Lawrence River at today's northern U.S. border. He did not find a new route to Asia, but he did claim part of what is now Canada for France.

Samuel de Champlain

realized there were valuable goods and rich resources available in the Americas, so there was no need to go beyond to Asia

The French hoped to find gold. Instead, they found a land rich in furs and other natural resources.

What were the French goals for exploration?

French traders and priests spread across the continent. The traders searched for furs; the priests wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity. The missionaries sometimes set up schools among the indigenous people.

What is the significance of Quebec?

La Salle

explored the Great Lakes and followed the Mississippi River south to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the vast region for France.

Unlike the Spanish and English, the French rarely settled permanently. Instead of demanding land, they traded for the furs trapped by Native Americans. For this reason, the French had better relations with natives than did the Spanish or English colonists and their settlements also grew more slowly. For example, by 1754, the European population of New France, the French colony in North America, was only 70,000. The English colonies included one million Europeans.

Difference of French exploration from English and Spanish exploration

John Cabot

In 1497, the English king sent an explorer named ________ to America to look for a northwest passage. He claimed lands from Newfoundland south to the Chesapeake Bay.

Sea dog

English pirates that attacked Spanish Ships

Then in 1588, the English surprisingly defeated and destroyed all but one third of the Spanish Armada. With that victory, England declared itself a major naval power and began competing for lands and resources in the Americas.

How did English victory over the Spanish Armada change global naval power?

Jamestown

was England's first successful colony in the Americas, and one of the earliest colonies in what would become the US.

The first colonies in the present-day US were Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico

Where were the first colonies in present-day USA located?

Henry Hudson

In 1609, the Dutch sent -______ to explore the East Coast of North America. Among other feats, he sailed up what became known as the Hudson River to see if it led to Asia. He was disappointed in finding no northwest passage. He and other explorers would continue to search for such a route. Though it would travel through a chilly region, it offered the possibility of being only half the distance of a route that went around South America.

Hudson found it. New Amsterdam became an important node in the Dutch transatlantic trade network. Dutch merchants bought furs from trappers who lived and worked in the forest lands as far north as Canada. They purchased crops from lands to the south, particularly tobacco from Virginia planters. They sent these goods and others to the Netherlands in exchange for manufactured goods that they could sell throughout colonial North America.

What is the significance of New Amsterdam?

Because these routes did not reach everywhere in the world, they were considered regional not global. Columbus's travels to the New World lead to the first truly global trade routes

Why are the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade routes not considered "global" trade routes? What event led to the first truly global trade routes?

The extensive trade from Columbus's voyages transformed Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland into Maritime Empires

What led to the establishment of the maritime empires?

Americas, Africa, Europe

What regions were linked by the trans-Atlantic trade route system?

Demographic pressures pushed Europeans into exploration and trade. As the population grew, not all workers in Europe could find work or even food.

what caused Europe to begin exploring? Explain the Demographics

Primogeniture laws meant that Not all sons of the wealthy could own land because primogeniture laws gave all of each estate to the eldest son.

what caused Europe to begin exploring? Explain the certain law

In the early 17th century, religious minorities searched for a place to settle where people were tolerant of their dissent. All of these groups, as well as those just longing for adventure and glory, were eager to settle in new areas. Those who left their homelands in search of work, food, land, tolerance, and adventure were part of a global shift in demographics.

what caused Europe to begin exploring? Explain the religious conflicts

Europe was never totally isolated from East and South Asia. The Indian Ocean trade routes had long brought, silk, spices, and tea to the Mediterranean by way of the Red Sea. Islamic traders had long known of land routes from China to the cities of Baghdad and Constantinople and from there to Rome.

In what ways was Europe connected to Africa and Asia prior to European exploration?

Then, in the 16th century, more and more Europeans became active in the Indian Ocean, with hopes of finding wealth and new converts as their twin motives.

Why did Europeans increasingly participate in the Indian Ocean trade system in the 16th century?

Omani-European Rivalry

Europeans faced competition from Middle Eastern traders based in kingdoms such as Oman.

For example, the Portuguese set up forts in Oman but were repeatedly challenged by attempts to remove them. The Omani-European rivalry was one reason for Christopher Columbus's search for a new route to India.

How did the Omani-European Rivalry lead to Europeans exploring westward?

Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland

What are the European maritime empires?

They were aware of traditions of sailing that went back to the classical Greeks, such as using the stars to navigate. They combined this knowledge with new ideas developed by Islamic and Asian sailors and scholars, which they learned about because of the cross-cultural interactions resulting from trade networks.

How did Europe advance its naval technology and knowledge?

Newton's discovery of gravitation increased knowledge of the tides. As a result, sailors could reliably predict when the depth of water near a shore would be decreasing, thereby exposing dangerous rocks. As people kept increasingly accurate records on the direction and intensity of winds, sailors could sail with greater confidence.

How did the knowledge of gravity increase naval safety?

Mariners relied on these maps to guide ships' direction, especially before the introduction of the compass using the skies to help them determine their location. Astronomers typically divided the charts into grids to help locate specific constellations and astronomical objects.

How did astronomical charts increase naval safety?

Ships moved adroitly, aided by a new type of rudder, another idea imported from China.

How did the stern rudder increase naval safety?

improved by Muslim navigators in the 12th century, allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator.

How did the astrolabe increase naval safety?

allowed sailors to steer a ship in the right direction.

How did the compass increase naval safety?

Used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean, it significantly affected medieval navigation and trade. The ancient square sails that preceded the lateen allowed sailing in only one direction and had to be used with the wind. The lateen, however, could catch the wind on either side of the ship, the lateen allowed sailors to travel successfully into large bodies of water, including oceans, for the first time, thus expanding trade routes.

How did the lateen sail increase naval safety?

New types of ships also improved trade. By adjusting the ratio of length to width of a ship, adding or reducing the number masts, and using different types of sails, builders could adapt ships to improve their efficiency.

How did new ship designs increase naval safety?

a rapid expansion of exploration and global trade. About the only part of the Afro-Eurasia world not affected by the rapid increase in global trade was Polynesia since it was far removed from trading routes.

What are the long-term results of increasing naval technology by the late 1400s? Trade

The introduction of gunpowder, another Chinese invention, aided Europeans in their conquests abroad. Soon enough, however, sea pirates also used the new technology, particularly the Dutch pirates known as Sea Beggars,

What are the long-term results of increasing naval technology by the late 1400s? Weaponry

In North Africa and in the trading cities along Africa's east coast, Islam spread rapidly as a result of the growth of the Abbasid Empire, centered in Baghdad., and the activities of Muslim merchants. Interactions among various cultures inside and outside of Africa brought extensive trade and new technologies to the continent.

What are the long-term results of increasing naval technology by the late 1400s? Africa

Russia's Tsar Peter the Great visited the WE in 1697 to observe military and naval technology. His interest in European technology led him to hire technicians from Germany and elsewhere to help build Russia's military and naval power.

What are the long-term results of increasing naval technology by the late 1400s? Russia

Maritime empires transformed commerce from, local small-scale trading, mostly based on barter, to large-scale international trade using gold and silver. These empires employed new economic models, such as joint-stock companies, supporting increased trade in Asia. New ocean trade routes were opened, aiding the rise of this extended global economy. The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including enslaved people—and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and people, with all groups contributing to a cultural synthesis. Silver, sugar, and slavery were the keys to the development of these mercantilist empires.

How did maritime empires transform commerce?

Capital

material wealth available to produce more wealth; grew as entrepreneurs entered long-distance markets.

Capital changed hands from entrepreneurs to laborers, putting laborers in a better position to become consumers—and even investors.

How did capital impact laborers?

Despite restrictions by the Church, lending money at high rates of interest became commonplace. Actual wealth also increased with gold and silver from the Western Hemisphere.

How did the Western Hemisphere increase global capital?

Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver

the development of European overseas colonies; the opening of new ocean trade routes; population growth; inflation

The Commercial Revolution affected all regions of the world, but what were the four key factors that caused it?

by the pressure of the increasing population and partly by the increased amount of gold and silver that was mined and put In circulation, Price Revolution

What caused the inflation factor of the Commercial Revolution and what was this high rate of inflation called?

inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

joint-stock company

owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them.

People invested capital in such companies and shared both the profits and the risks of exploration and trading ventures, Offering limited liability made investing safer, it aided the rise of the commercial revolution, were a driving force behind the development of maritime empires as they allowed continued exploration as well as ventures to colonize and develop the resources of distant lands with limited risk to investors.

What benefit did joint-stock companies provide?

Limited liability

the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment.

British East India Company, Dutch East India Company

The developing European middle class had capital to invest from successful businesses in their home countries. They also had money with which to purchase imported luxuries. The Dutch, English, and French all developed joint-stock companies in the 17th centuries such as these companies.

The governments did most of the investing itself through grants to certain explorers, while in France/England/Netherlands, they developed joint-stock companies.

How did investing in France, England, and the Netherlands differ from that in Spain and Portugal?

they were the commercial middleman of Europe, having set up and maintained trade routes to Latin America, North America, South Africa, Indonesia, Dutch ships were faster and lighter than those of their rivals, The Dutch East India Company was also highly successful, the dutch standard of living was the highest in Europe, the Bank of Amsterdam traded currency internationally

What advantages did the Dutch enjoy in commerce and trade?